مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد همکاری صنعتی در توسعه محصول – الزویر 2018

Industrial symbiosis is understood as an approach within the industrial ecology that involves different companies in the exchange of physical materials, such as by-products or waste, energy and water [1]. The case of Kalundborg, in Denmark, is the seminal example of the emergence and development of this phenomenon [2, 3]. Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg began in the 1970s when some industries shared water in a self-organized way [1, 4, 5], and it has evolved over the years, now having material exchanges in about 20 different companies [5].  Besides these works already mentioned, other works have been published citing the industrial symbiosis development in an attempt to understand and explain the factors that led the case to success, as noted in [3]. There are also easily found in the literature, cases of other parks that developed the industrial symbiosis, such as the cases of [6, 7]. A great effort has been employed in the attempt to systematize a model, methodology or tool to assist in the planning of new kernels of industrial symbiosis, as can be seen in the works of [8, 9]. Other studies [10, 11] have applied existing methodologies such as Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment in the evaluation of existing industrial symbiosis networks. Other more recent approaches are the proposition of performance indicators for the industrial symbiosis measurement [12, 13, 14] and the development of computational simulation models to represent the industrial symbiosis [15, 16, 17]. Finally, industrial symbiosis has also been related to the term Circular Economy [7, 18]. The industrial symbiosis is studied through different approaches, but it is possible to notice that most, if not all, considers the industrial symbiosis from the point of view of the industrial park administrator, known as broker. Two clear examples are the works [14, 9], where the first [14] propose a performance indicator to measure the industrial symbiosis that should be used mainly by the broker, while [9] present a methodology to support the local authority, that is the administrator of the park, during the industrial symbiosis development process. It lacks approaches that allow considering the industrial symbiosis through an intra-firm angle, that is, from the company point of view, where it is the main actor in the development of industrial symbiosis. We see as an opportunity to consider the industrial symbiosis in the product development, as this is a way for companies to pursue innovation to remain competitive within the industrial environment [19]. Product development can alter parts of the supply chain and thus extinguish existing symbiosis networks or, on the other hand, create opportunities for the emergence of new symbiosis networks. In addition, [4] state that significant gains with respect to industrial symbiosis can also be achieved in product design. This paper aims to examine two possibilities regarding industrial symbiosis in product development. The first is to consider industrial symbiosis within Design for Environment (DFE), an already existing approach that considers environmental aspects as features to be maximized in product development, so industrial symbiosis would be just another factor to be considered. The second possibility is the proposal of the Design for Industrial Symbiosis (DFIS), and its systematization in an application method.