مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد نقش تهاجمی معماران در پروژه های ساختمانی – الزویر 2018

The successful design and construction of houses require complex interactions between clients and professional service providers, such as architects, engineers, planners, and contractors (Lapidus, 1967; Siva and London, 2012). Despite the importance of each of these project actors, the architect has, for decades, traditionally played the role of master builder and head of the design team and is responsible for managing the project and the activities of different actors (Cuff, 1991; London et al., 2005). Essentially, the architect has been perceived as the “spiritual leader” of the project (Royal Institute of British Architects [RIBA], 2015a). In the modern construction industry, however, this role is no longer “the exclusive domain of architects. Other disciplines have gradually encroached on the architect’s core activities” (van Gulijk, 2009, p. 10). The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) (2011) reported that architects, especially “small general practices” and individual architects “working for private clients with local builders” are facing an invasion of their traditional role from “nonarchitect[s]” such as contractors and draftsmen. Evidence suggests that clients are unwilling to fully employ architects on projects where they may not be mandatory (Frimpong and Dansoh, 2016; The Guardian, 2017). In response to this trend, architects have repeatedly attempted to remedy this situation at the institutional level. However, research (e.g., Oluwatayo, 2013; Oluwatayo et al., 2014a, 2014b; RIBA, 2005, 2011, 2015a, 2016a) reports different conditions that suggest that architects’ institutional interventions have not been effective in dealing with the marginalization of architects and the invasion of their roles. The Architects’ Journal [AJ] (2017a), for instance, reports that although the profession’s authority has been in decline for a while, it “appears recently to have come to a head.” Against this backdrop, the current work explores the complexity of the problem by asking whether such is a “super wicked problem” (Levin et al., 2012).