مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد فعالیت الکتریکی عصبی و رشد شبکه عصبی – الزویر 2018

During ontogeny, neural subnetworks in the developing brain evolve from the initial disconnected state to the connected matured state (Ko, Cossell, Baragli, Antolik, Clopath, Hofer, & MrsicFlogel, 2013; Quartz, 1999; White & Fitzpatrick, 2007). The formation of correct neural connectivity during the nervous system development is important for high-level cognitive and motor behaviors. It is widely accepted that topographic organization in the nervous system is generated by the patterns of gene expression (Ackley&Jin, 2004) and the patterns of electrical activity (Krubitzer & Kahn, 2003). According to the early ideas by Hebb (1949) new synaptic connections preferentially grow between active neurons. The connectivity is fixed not only during development but also in the adulthood and massive processes of synapse deletion and reorganization of the connectivity during ontogeny (Butz, Wrgtter, & van Ooyen, 2009; Chklovskii, Mel, & Svoboda, 2004). The electrical activity of neurons triggers secondary processes in the form of molecular signaling cascades which leads to the corresponding changes in the shapes of neurons, dendritic spines and axonal boutons configuration, receptor configuration, neurite branching, growth and guidance (Borodinsky & Belgacem, 2016; Lim, Stafford, Nguyen, Lien, Wang, Zukor, He, & Huberman, 2016; Neely & Nicholls, 1995). However, the fundamental mechanisms controlling the developmental process of realistic connectivity generation in neural networks remain unknown. A deeper understanding of the connections growth process in neural networks will give us information about early developmental stages of the brain. Neuroscientists believe that information is stored in the connection weights of neural networks (Chklovskii et al., 2004; Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997). Despite considerable progress in neuroanatomy, electrophysiology and imaging (Stetter, Battaglia, Soriano, & Geisel, 2012) of the detailed mapping of neural connectivity is a difficult task. The relationship between the connectome (Sporns, Tononi, & Ktter, 2005) and cortical function remains unclear, so we need to discover the nature and purpose of the principles underlying cortical connectivity (Budd & Kisvrday, 2012). Each sensory stimulus causes a complex pattern of activity in the neural populations of multiple cortical areas. The relationship between sensory stimuli, and firing patterns they evoke defines the ’neural code’ of the corresponding populations of neurons (Harris & MrsicFlogel, 2013). A precise understanding of local networks dynamics requires relating circuit activity with the underlying network structure.