مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد توسعه فتوولتائیک در رومانی – الزویر 2018

The Sun is the primary energy source for all life on Earth. Solar energy is clean and is available all over the world. The total energy produced, in 2016, was 7236 MWh, while the total consumed was 6660 MWh. The average photovoltaic energy generated was 255 MWh, which accounts for 3.5% of the total production and 8.2% of the RES (3096 MWh). Investments in renewable energy in Romania began in late 2008, when Green Certificates were granted by Law no. 220. In this paper, we review the photovoltaic system development in Romania, from 2011, when the market began to develop, to the present day. The climate change and air pollution have to be slowed down and reduced by implementing renewable and sustainable solutions in order to generate electricity. The photovoltaic industry has an important role in Romania’s development, both economically and environmentally and by having the “unlimited resource” advantage, it is a good alternative to fossil fuels. Now, the largest solar park in Romania, with 332,000 operational PV units, located in Ucea de Sus, Brasov County and commissioned in 2013, has an installed capacity of 82 MW, and covers a land surface of 200 ha. 178 years ago, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photoelectric effect, in 1839. At the moment, the typical power of solar PV modules is less than 500 W, depending on efficiency and temperature sensitivity. Currently, long-term research on photovoltaic cells focus on increasing the power output, increasing the efficiency and reducing the temperature sensitivity.

Introduction

PV system technologies development in recent years has encouraged investments and facilitated access to competitive prices [1–6]. The growing global demand for energy from fossil fuels plays a key role in the upward trend in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollutants [7] and for this reason the European Union changed its Energy Policy to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth [8,9]. Between 2005 and 2015, the installed solar PV power in Europe as increased 50-fold to reach 95 GW and wind power has increased three and a half times to 142 GW at the end of 2015. The fact that the Paris Agreement went into force on 4 November 2016 will be another accelerating factor for the use of electricity from renewable energy sources [10]. The use of renewable energy sources can considerably reduce fossil fuel dependency as well as providing environmental friendly solutions [11–15]. The transition to renewable and sustainable energies is intensifying global competition for knowledge exchange, policy development and joint action. This way we pave the road for a world with less or without fossil fuels. An advanced search on Web of Science Core Collection, using the keywords “renewable” and “Romania” returns 59 papers (53 articles and 6 reviews) made by Romanian authors and if we refine the search adding the word “photovoltaic” the result show only two results, a case study [16] and a study not directly related to photovoltaics [17]. Another database search using “photovoltaics” and “Romania” as topic, identifies 7 results (4 proceeding papers and 3 articles). Therefore, literature-search indicate the subject of photovoltaics in Romania needs to be investigated and presented in greater detail. The main objective of our work through this paper is to review the Romania’s profile and developments in the PV power sector over the last ten years and compare these achievements with the EU context and the global background.