مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد کاهش علائم شناختی در خطر تصلب شرایین – NCBI 2018

Study population

ARIC is a population-based prospective study of 15,792 men and women 45 to 64 years of age at baseline (1987–1989) from 4 US communities. Cognitive testing was performed at visit 2 (1990–1992), and retinal photographs were collected at visit 3 (1993–1995) (figure e-1, links.lww.com/WNL/ A277). Of 14,348 participants who attended visit 2, a total of 12,466 had a retinal photograph. Participants were excluded if race was other than black or white (n = 38) or nonwhite from Minneapolis or Washington County (n = 42). Nineteen and 30 participants were missing information on education and diabetes mellitus, respectively, yielding an analytic sample of 12,317 (figure e-2). Excluded participants were older and more likely to be black; to have less than a high school education; to be current smokers and current drinkers; to have diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (CHD); and to die during follow-up (table e-1, links.lww. com/WNL/A278).

Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents

Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board for each field center.

Cognitive outcomes

Three tests representing different domains were administered in 1990 to 1992 (visit 2), 1996 to 1998 (visit 4), and 2011 to 2013 (visit 5): memory (Delayed Word Recall Test), language (Word Fluency Task), and executive function/ attention (Digit Symbol Substitution Test). These tests were also administered to participants ≥55 years of age at 2 study sites in 1993 to 1995 (visit 3) and to the same persons who participated in the Brain MRI Substudy (2003–2005). The primary analysis used cognitive data from the 3 occasions when collected in all participants (visits 2, 4 and 5; n = 12,317). Because retinal photographs were collected at visit 3 (1993–1995), a sensitivity analysis was restricted to participants who had cognition measured at visit 3 and used all subsequent cognitive data (visit 4, Brain MRI Substudy, and visit 5; n = 2,003) (figure e-2, links.lww.com/WNL/A277).