مقاله انگلیسی رایگان در مورد سلول های بنیادی در پوست و مراقبت از پوست پیر و جوان – الزویر ۲۰۱۸

Since the discovery of multipotent stem cells by Till and McCulloch in 1961,1 further elucidation of stem cells’ functions have been identified as both facilitating development of new cells and maintaining homeostasis of current normal cells. The activity of stem cells is stimulated by the start of tissue dysfunction. Several applications using these functions have been implemented in medicine already: reestablishing the hematopoietic lineage via bone marrow transplantation,2 development of stem-cell based therapy for type 1 diabetes3,4 and retinitis pigmentosa,5 and using stem cells to advance the cure for spinal cord injury.6 One important application of stem cell biology is how these cells can be used in the context of aging and age-related dysfunctions. During aging, DNA accumulates damage, impairing protein homeostasis, cell function and communication, as well as normal organ physiology.7 Another key hallmark to aging is the exhaustion or dysregulation of the endogenous stem cell population, which aids in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair of injured tissues. Because aging is so intimately tied to stem cell integrity, one of the major goals of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine is how one can use these cells to reverse aging and the associated dysfunctions that come with it. Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that are capable of dividing and generating differentiated and proliferative cells (Fig. 1). Stem cells range from pluripotent cells that are found in the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts or isolated from other sources to unipotent progenitors such as fetal tissues, birth-associated tissues, or adult tissues. Several advances have been made to apply the unique traits of this variety of stem cell types. These include establishment of an embryonic stem cell line via in vitro fertilization, the reprogramming of differentiated adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and the generation of cloning stem cells (somatic nuclear transfer stem cells). Other strategies include the creation of parthenogenetic stem cells, isolation of stem cells from fetal tissues (including neural stem cells or retinal progenitor cells), and separation of birthassociated stem cell populations including cord blood stem cells or placental stem cells. Although these different modes of pluripotent and fetal stem cells provide great potential for treating aging and age-related diseases, there are several associated disadvantages. Pluripotent and fetal stem cells may be tumorigenic,8 possess genetic instability,9 and are often tied to ethical and regulatory debate.10 Even though iPSCs bypass the ethical issues of embryonic stem cells, they still possess the same mutations and damage that the donor cells had, which can decrease its ability to proliferate and respond to its respective niche.11 Stem cells isolated from birth-associated tissues have limited ability to proliferate and limited directions of differentiation, and therefore therapeutic potential of areas of their applications is rudimental.12 An alternative method that is being explored is the use of pharmaceuticals to modulate endogenous stem cell populations to leverage their respective mechanism of cell signaling and communication. One such example is the use of CBP/Catenin antagonist, ICG-001, that acts more selectively than retinol by shifting the balance of cell division to asymmetric division and thus more differentiation.13,14 With more alternative methods emerging in regenerative medicine, several other advances that target the individual’s stem cells could provide the means for dealing with age-related dysfunctions such as skin aging.