Abstract

This article presents a study with feasibility and performance analysis of machine learning (ML) techniques using supervised techniques for anomaly detection problems in a 5G communication network. The proposed ML models (Multilayer Perceptron, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine) were used to classify data into anomaly or non-anomaly based on two 5G Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) datasets with various key performance indicators (KPIs). Furthermore, we propose a strategy that devotes to labeling anomalous situations, leveraging the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) technique atop datasets enclosing multiple KPIs. The results were significant, with an accuracy above 90% for all use cases considered.

IntroductionTo support new 5G cellular network requirements (e.g., data rates exceeding 10 Gbps, network latency under 1 ms, capacity expansion by a factor of 1,000, and energy efficiency gains), vendors have begun investigating new radio access network (RAN) architectures [17, 13, 25, 5, 23].

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), suggested by the O-RAN Alliance [15], stands as a promising radio technology that has gained worldwide acceptance. O-RAN is a worldwide community of operators, manufacturers,technology that has gained worldwide acceptance. O-RAN is a worldwide community of operators, manufacturers, and academic institutes [18, 1]. The vision is to rewrite the RAN industry towards establishing an open, adaptable, and intelligent RAN [15]. Artificial intelligence (AI) in machine learning (ML) will play a crucial role in the 5G networkwith particular emphasis on the O-RAN. For example, ML use can drive more efficient enhancements in 5G network planning, automation of network operations (e.g., provisioning, optimization, and fault prediction), network slicing, service quality prediction, and other applications and services [8, 3, 14, 20].

Conclusion

In this work, we present results and analyses of three ML/AI supervised approaches applied to anomaly detection: Multilayer Perceptron, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine. The tests were conducted on an emulation testbed concerning a network environment dataset. The unsupervised ML/AI strategy, based on t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE), was used to create data labels. Results associated with the accuracy of the ML/AI algorithms were obtained, suggesting an excellent performance with an accuracy of above 90% for all cases.

Abstract

     A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 52.42% (3.35–5.73 GHz) is proposed for LTE, WLAN (4.9/5 GHz), and 5G (sub-6 GHz) applications. The bandwidth is improved by introducing a tapered feed line and rectangular stubs in the partial ground plane. The maximum isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna is 27 dB. The diversity performance characteristics of the proposed antenna are studied in terms of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), isolation between the ports, and channel capacity loss (CCL) and the values obtained are 0.003, 9.98 dB, ±3 dB, −4 dB, −10 dB, and 0.10 bits/s/Hz respectively. A model of the proposed antenna is fabricated on the FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 with an electrical dimension of 0.45λ0 × 0.45λ0. The measured results demonstrate a decent likeness to simulated ones in the entire operating frequency range.

Introduction

     The current scenario for mobile communication is to achieve a higher data rate, capacity, low latency, and high resolution. The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication has been deployed around the world to fulfill the above advantage [1,2]. It has been shown [3,4] that to improve the information throughput in a multipath environment for 5G operations, the MIMO antenna system should be adopted. MIMO antenna systems should have a minimal inter-element distance, low correlation values, and better isolation between inter elements [5]. The primary advantage of adopting an MIMO network over a normal one is that it can enhance wireless connection capacity while consuming less spectrum. The system’s link dependability and data rate can be enhanced by increasing the number of antennas on the transmitter/receiver, which results in more signal routes and thus higher performance. Hence MIMO techniques become very vital for wireless communication systems which are suffering from frequency constraints [6,7].

Conclusion

     A compact quad-element MIMO antenna of 40 × 40 × 1.6 mm3 for 5G, LTE, and WLAN frequency bands is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate a decent likeness to simulated ones in the whole frequency range. The proposed design’s performance was evaluated and described in terms of impedance bandwidth, surface current distribution, reflection coefficient, gain, efficiency, and radiation characteristics. The MIMO provides good diversity performance with a low envelope correlation coefficient and a better diversity gain. Furthermore, within the operating frequency band, the proposed antenna obtained a maximum channel capacity of > 20 bits/s/Hz. The antenna has a total efficiency of 85.12% and a peak gain of 2.74 dBi. As a result, it is recommended as a candidate for 5G, WLAN, and LTE applications.

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fifth Generation of Network Technology

6.3 Internet of Things (IoT)

6.4  Industrial Internet of Things

6.5 IoT in the Automotive Industry

6.6 IoT in Agriculture

6.7 AI, IoT, and 5G Security

6.8 Conclusion

References

6.1 Introduction 

The world of Artificial Intelligence (AI), fifth-generation data networks (5G), and the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be beneficial to us, but also present numerous flaws as they are all new and rapidly developing technologies. It is important to note that the 5G network has better security than the third generation (3G) and forth generation (4G) networks. Still, it has been said that some of the classic vulnerabilities and security flaws from 3G and 4G networks were directly carried over to the developing 5G network, thus presenting additional security flaws right out of the gate. Both AI and the IoT will benefit from the development of 5G networks where businesses can use such devices, which will be tied to the growing 5G network, and can serve several purposes throughout the business market, among other areas.

When it comes to consumer-based electronic devices, they are certainly on the rise. As technology improves, these devices will consume more bandwidth and data than ever before. The increase in data and bandwidth consumption from newly emerging technologies could include the ability to interpret human speech on-the-fly and identify various patterns throughout data or documents from a mobile device. This data can even adjust business efficiency, increasing overall profits with endless possibilities for automation in manufacturing. This is where the development of 5G data networks come into play. 5G networks will have the bandwidth needs for current and future data-hungry devices in a growing technological world.

AI technology is growing from ordinary scientists’ simple tools to as far as the use within the professional development community for higher intelligence use. These various organizations can use AI technology to fill the current gap in the data science area, a big gamechanger for data science! This also always gives end-consumers the ability to take their business and personal data wherever they go. This is a big deal when making end-consumers happy while retaining their privacy with their online data.

When it comes to data processing, with the help of 5G, AI, and the IoT, modern technology demands that data management and processing capabilities should have the data possessors brought to the data itself rather than sending the collected data processing elsewhere. This may also include the data processing and distributed data stores included within the data management process in order to guarantee that support is offered where AI, 5G, and IoT: Driving Forces Towards the Industry Technology Trends 118 6 AI, 5G, and IoT: Driving Forces Towards the Industry Technology Trends the received critical data is being stored. 5G network technology will be revolutionary to end-consumers, businesses, and data processing centers worldwide.

Abstract

     Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role within a country’s economy considering that they provide a source of skills and innovation for entrepreneurship and their capacity for introducing, integrating and disseminating new technologies is incomparable. However, the world may be looking at an impending devastating recession delivered by the coronavirus pandemic. As governments intensify restrictions on business to halt the spread of the pandemic, the fear of the virus also reconfigures the very concept of business and the workplace. Therefore, there is a need for a greater focus on digital transformation considering that physical distancing requirements to curb the spread of this virus may become a cultural orientation for businesses and the workplace. A real digital transition is anticipated for small businesses with the 5G network technology. 5G network will not just be a technological connection but will affect different socio-economic sectors and will stimulate innovation in small companies. The goal of this paper was to carry out a literature review on the potential ways small businesses can leverage on 5G network for digital innovation. The paper proposed that small and medium businesses can leverage the 5G Mobile Technology through enhanced interpersonal communication, expanded remote work opportunities, innovative digital tools and supply chain efficiency. Finally, while many individuals and small business owners will profit from 5G technology some will work to undermine it. As a result, companies must keep this in mind when implementing 5G, or other new technology, and adjust their security protocols accordingly to remain secure.

Introduction

     Small businesses can expect a true digital transition with 5G (fifth generation of broadband data-networking digital communications technology) network technology (Tullberg et al., 2016). With an estimated annual growth rate of 97% and approximately 40% of the global population using IoT apps on a 5G network, the new mobile technology has the potential to generate a $251 trillion economic impact by 2025. This growth can be attributed to the fact that the 5G network will not only provide a technological connection but will also have an impact on various socioeconomic sectors and encourage small business innovation (Webb, 2016). The new technological link will make it possible to implement well-known initiatives, such as Smart City, Smart Company, and artificial intelligence in business (Zhu et al., 2016). Because of increased data transfer speed and reduced time between signal transmission and reception, the 5G network will redefine the role of connectivity and connections in global society, providing a new foundation for business innovation, particularly in small businesses. The goal of this paper is to conduct a review of the literature on the various ways small businesses can use the 5G network for digital innovation.

Conclusion

     The goal of this article was to establish a link between 5G technology and digital innovation, particularly in SMEs. The article began by establishing the context of the paper by summarising current knowledge and background information on the subject. This was accomplished by stating the purpose of the paper, the research question/problem, briefly explaining the methodological approach, and emphasising the study’s potential outcomes. Conceptual framework and synthesis were created to demonstrate the key relationships between the focal constructs (5G technology and digital innovation). This was done to aid comprehension of the conceptual framework. This paper contends that the implementation of 5G technology creates a platform for digital innovation in SMEs’ communication, remote working, supply chains, and marketing activities. This can simplify and improve the efficiency of work processes and operations within SMEs, resulting in increased productivity. 5G technology will create enormous opportunities for new revenue streams and will serve as the foundation for business innovation and development on a scale that companies in almost every industry have yet to fully explore.

Abstract

     An individual’s health is one of the essential aspects of life, but due to the limited technology at health care centers, many people face various restrictions during their treatment. These days, Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the most fascinating topic that provides solutions to these limitations in various ways. The IoT is utilized in various healthcare conducts that include detection, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. Wearable devices are a part of IoT that is proposed for helping patients to get the correct treatment. The conventional communication networks developed for humans-based applications face many issues like stringent latency, restricted computing capability, and short battery life. On the other hand, the onset of 5G has developed a new set of technologies that offer the vital “backbone” for connecting to the billions of devices for the upcoming IoT that would completely modify our professional and private lives. Due to the data capabilities, intelligent management, and superfast connectivity of 5G, this network has enabled new health care opportunities that include treatment, data analytics, diagnostics, and imaging. In the current review, a systematic literature survey of IoT, IoT-based wearable devices, and the role of 5G in IoT for healthcare is described in detail. Furthermore, we have explained the usage of wearable devices in detecting the issue in terms of healthcare, such as curing, monitoring, and detection of disease. Nevertheless, this review article also emphasizes the employment of IoT architecture and its wearable devices in addition to the upcoming research challenges related to this area.

Introduction

     With the increase in the advancement of technology, the demand for comfort and accessibility is also increasing, leading to an increase in the development of funding programs. Usually, it has been observed that many city hospitals lack to fulfil certain medical requirements of the patients, and therefore, patients have to search in other cities/move to other countries’ hospitals to complete their desired medical needs (Surantha et al., 2021). These days, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in healthcare has become one of the latest trending subjects and has been found as a promising characteristic to improve the current technologies that lower its cost in each aspect of healthcare. Moreover, the IoT in biomedical is considered as the need of an hour that is required to provide medical aid to humans for monitoring, managing, detecting, and taking action from the system after receiving data, thereby effectively reducing the cost of health expenses (Khan et al., 2018). IoT is the sub-category of a computer having sensors, microcontrollers, and transceivers that are interconnected to provide information to aid the user with detailed information. It is applied in various healthcare means, including detection of disease as a precaution, monitoring disease as a self-healing route, and treating disease as the healing solution (YIN et al., 2016). Wearable devices are a part of IoT that have been developed for helping people to get the correct treatment. The IoT-based wearables are smart devices that could be worn with external accessories, tattooed or even adhered on the skin, implanted in the body, or embedded in garments and clothing.

Conclusion and prospects

     With the advancement in science and technology, the accessibility of healthcare has now become easy and affordable. But, many city hospitals lack the desired medical requirements, and therefore, the introduction of biosensors has eased these problems. Moreover, these days, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in healthcare has become one of the latest trending subjects and a promising characteristic to improve the current technologies that lower its cost in each aspect of healthcare. IoT has become the need of the hour as it is useful for monitoring, managing, detecting, and taking action from the system after receiving data, thereby effectively reducing the excess cost of health expenses. Wearable devices are a part of IoT that have been developed to help patients get the correct treatment. These IoT-based wearables devices are considered smart devices that could be worn with external accessories tattooed or even adhered to on the skin, implanted in the body, or embedded in garments and clothing. These smart devices can link with the internet for collecting, sending data, and receiving information for making smart decisions. These wearables have become a vital fragment of IoT technology, and their growth is shifting towards more specialized and practical utility from simple accessories.

Abstract

     The rollout of 5G wireless service has been much anticipated by consumers across the U.S. since it will bring faster data download speeds and expanded service; however, the impact to aviation and air travel are as a major issue and the potential impact to aviation has not been estimated or assessed. This paper fills that gap and provides the first analysis of the potential number of flights impacted by 5G at ten of the busiest airports in the U.S. Using detailed historical weather and flight data in 2019 at 10 large hub airports, we find that nearly 15,700 flight arrivals could be directly impacted annually, at the ten airports considered. The geographical and seasonal impact varies significantly with more flights affected by the potential for 5G interference at airports in Seattle and Dallas Fort-Worth and relatively few flights affected at airports in Phoenix and Las Vegas. A case study examining ten years of data at Chicago O’Hare International, a hub for two major airlines, suggests that over 2,400 flights every year could be impacted by 5G interference. Fortunately, there has been increasing cooperation between the cell phone industry and aviation stakeholders to ensure a safe rollout of 5G C-band; this paper provides a significant contribution by documenting the issues and context for aviation operations.

Introduction

     The rollout of 5G wireless service has been much anticipated by consumers across the U.S. as data download speeds will be increased and service expanded. 5G C-band enables data intensive technology for personal and business use, ranging from entertainment such as video games to critical communications for public services (Pham et al, 2020), and provides more consistent, faster speeds and increased capacity. The communications band or “C” band was originally designated for industrial applications and satellite communications and were repurposed for 5G wireless between 3.7 and 3.98 GHz. C-band is one component of the mid-band frequency between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz. The benefits of the new 5G C-band service have been contraindicated near airports by the aviation industry due to the potential for negative operational and safety impacts. Since the 5G C-band frequencies is very close to the Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARS) spectrum (as shown in Fig. 1), there is a potential for signal interference which could potentially disrupt the operation of the radio/radar altimeter equipment on many transport aircraft. This equipment is necessary to conduct certain low visibility procedures when weather conditions do not permit use of standard precision or non-precision procedures. The inability of aircraft to safely perform these procedures could generate flight disruptions throughout the system. This fact was underscored by the acknowledgement that over 100 pilot reports of potential 5G interference have been made in the first few weeks of 5G rollout (Levin and Shields, 2022). Additionally, the U.S. Transportation Secretary noted that these issues will not be fixed by the summer flying season (Reardon, 2022).

Conclusions

     As the U.S. and other countries introduce 5G C-band, the need to understand the potential disruption to air travel is apparent. This paper provides the first estimates of the number of flights that could be potentially impacted at ten of the busiest airports in the U.S. These flights conducting low visibility procedures could be delayed, diverted, or cancelled. The number of flights conducting these low visibility approaches varies across seasons and location. Some airports, such as Seattle-Tacoma International could experience a significant impact to flight operations while others such as Harry Reid International in Las Vegas could be minimally impacted. Dallas Fort-Worth International, which area serves as several major airline hubs and headquarters, experiences numerous low visibility flight operations with the greatest monthly variation. The systemic impact from disruptions out of these ten busy hub airports presents a significant risk to travelers and airline operations. These risks include delays and cancelations as well as their direct and indirect economic costs. Further, to highlight the significant potential impact we determined that Chicago O’Hare International had over 27,000 flights conduct low visibility operations in the decade from 2009 to 2019.

Abstract

     The latest 5G technology is being introduced the Internet of Things (IoT) Era. The study aims to focus the 5G technology and the current healthcare challenges as well as to highlight 5G based solutions that can handle the COVID-19 issues in different arenas. This paper provides a comprehensive review of 5G technology with the integration of other digital technologies (like AI and machine learning, IoT objects, big data analytics, cloud computing, robotic technology, and other digital platforms) in emerging healthcare applications. From the literature, it is clear that the promising aspects of 5G (such as super-high speed, high throughput, low latency) have a prospect in healthcare advancement. Now healthcare is being adopted 5G-based technologies to aid improved health services, more effective medical research, enhanced quality of life, better experiences of medical professionals and patients in anywhere–anytime. This paper emphasizes the evolving roles of 5G technology for handling the epidemiological challenges. The study also discusses various technological challenges and prospective for developing 5G powered healthcare solutions. Further works will incorporate more studies on how to expand 5G-based digital society as well as to resolve the issues of safety–security–privacy and availability–accessibility–integrity in future health crises.

Introduction

     The latest wireless mobile phone technology, Fifth Generation (5G), was first widely deployed in 2019. While 5G network is at developing stage, some countries including China, South Korea, the UK and the US commercially deployed 5G networks, and some other developed countries are being expecting to put forward commercial 5G networks by 2025 [1]. Comparing to the existing wireless networks, 5G provides high data rate, lower latency, high volume of devices connectivity with energy efficiency, high reliability and mobility support [2]. Thus, the services offered by 5G mobile networks are generally categorized into three group, namely (i) “enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)”, (ii) “ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC)”, and (iii) “massive machine-type communications (mMTC)” [3]. In 2019, 67% of the world people have subscribed to cellar devices, of which 65% have used smart phones [4], and 204 billion apps have been downloaded [5]. About 3.8 billion public have eagerly used social media reported in January 2020 [6]. As the number of digital devices connectivity with 5G is dramatically increasing, the extent of variation in exposure to radiofrequency arenas is still under investigation.

Conclusion

     The use of 5G network in integrating other digital technologies (like AI and machine learning, IoMTs, big data analytics, cloud computing, etc.) is now a reality in healthcare. From the literature, it is clear that 5G enabled technologies as well as intelligent systems have a prospect to improve healthcare services, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring, treatment, management, etc. As the 5G poses non-ionizing radiation, there is no significant health risk of 5G RF wave below the recommended safety level. There is no evidence that 5G signal causes the spread of the coronavirus. Moreover, 5G enabled digital technologies have been used for limiting the COVID-19 outbreak, and enhancing the public-health strategies in 2020. Some advanced technology giants are conducting their researches on 5G related applications that will combat against the health risks of any undesirable epidemics. The successful utilization of 5G technology to tackle healthcare challenges will enhance the acceptance of such technologies for other sectors in the future.

     As it is a new field of research, some issues are to be considered in deployment of 5G network in healthcare including infrastructure development, technical standards, effective regulations and policy, privacy protection and security, as well as availability of research data. Further works will incorporate more study on how to expand 5G based digital society as well as to resolve some issues, such as safety–security–privacy, availability–accessibility–integrity, and to augment resilience to future health crises. It is also required to compile laws and prepare proper guidelines to deal with ethical and legal counteractions in managing the online services during the emergency situations. With the new technological innovations, 5G network will provide a complete pathway for a smart society with various promising healthcare applications.

Abstract

     The expedite to network economy during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the question of how to induce and sustain a societal and industrial transformation towards a more networked world. Among the driving forces behind network economy, the commercialization of 5G, the fifth generation of mobile technologies, is especially noteworthy. How does 5G induce such a transition? How do countries respond? are questions deserving more investigation. However, most discussions of 5G have been confined to standardization or standard-setting. To take into accounts interactions between technology and economy, we adopt Geels’ (2002) multi-level perspective to put 5G transition in the social-technical context. We choose China as an influential case and deploy mixed methods to analyze a variety of data sources. The results show a rich picture of technological transition, including: 1) 5G standard-setting as a transition trigger in the global level; 2) IoT incubation in the niche level; and 3) regime configuration in the national level. We help transcend the limitation of standardization studies, extend the scope of transition studies into network economy, and introduce more industrial dynamics.

Introduction

     The expedite to network economy during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the question of how to induce and sustain a societal and industrial transformation towards a more networked world. Network economy is not a new thing since the world has been deeply embedded in a fabric interwoven by network infrastructure (Zammuto et al., 2007). What is new is that the pandemic has triggered transformations not only in a global scale, but also in a massive scope on every aspect of political, economic and social life. We have seen the rise of pandemic information systems, the move to on-line education, the increase in flexible work arrangements, and the intensification of network economy across many sectors (Whitelaw et al., 2020). The pandemic will end eventually, but the momentum it generated might have long-lasting effects. Network economy will continue making new ways of organizing and working possible (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014), connecting humans and machines via a vast array of internet of things (IoT) applications (Shafique et al., 2020), and incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) as a component to augment and automate increasingly more functions and processes within as well as across organizations (Kellogg et al., 2020). It is therefore foreseeable a transition towards a more networked economy and society.

Conclusion and discussion

     Through the case study, we analyze changes in the three levels during 5G transition, which suggest: 1) 5G standard-setting as a transition trigger in the global level; 2) IoT incubation in the niche level; and 3) regime reconfiguration in the national level. These changes, however, must be put under the scrutiny of alignment to make linkages between them. According to Kemp et al. (2001), “It is the alignment of developments (successful processes within the niche reinforced by changes at regime level and at the level of the sociotechnical landscape) which determine if a regime shift will occur”. The alignment is important for stability and sustainability of both regime reconfiguration and actors’ construction and response. Therefore, we can observe how this alignment helps reinforce regime reconfiguration and stabilize a new regime.

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. IoT in smart farming

3. Challenges in the current generation of mobile networks

4. Rise of 5G

5. Application of 5G in agriculture

6. Future outlook

7. Conclusion

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Abstract

Over the next decade, the superfast 5G network will play a critical role in farming industries to improve the yields and quality of crops while using minimal labor. Smart and precision farming allows farmers to be more informed and productive. The advent of 5G will considerably change the nature of jobs in farming and agriculture. The internet of things (IoT)-based cloud computing service in the 5G network provides flexible and efficient solutions for smart farming. This will allow the automated operation of various unmanned agricultural machines for the plowing, planting, and management phases of crop farming and will ultimately achieve secure, reliable, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient operations and enable unmanned farms. This paper provides a complete survey on 5G technology in the agricultural sector and discusses the need for and role of smart and precision farming; benefits of 5G; applications of 5G in precision farming such as real-time monitoring, virtual consultation and predictive maintenance, data analytics and cloud repositories; and future prospects.

1. Introduction

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood and plays a vital role in most countries’ economies. Agriculture is not only associated with crop production but also includes animal breeding and land cultivation to offer food, fiber, and medicine. Different types of agriculture are practiced in different regions across the world, focusing primarily on providing healthy food to feed the population worldwide. Agriculture is the main source of income for developing countries. It ensures food security for a country and produces material for industry. Modern farming started approximately in the 18th century, referred to as the British Agricultural Revolution, when in a short period, many improvements were made to farming, leading to a major yield increase and more efficient methods. A four-field system and selective cross-breeding program were implemented to increase crop size as well as yields, replacing the three-field crop rotation system. The first subsequent revolution in agriculture took place between 1900 and the 1930s, when mechanized agriculture allowed each farmer to produce enough for 26 people. This agricultural revolution brought techniques such as soil management and the advent of various new farming tools. After many decades, a second revolution, known as the Green Revolution, took place in the 1990s. Genetically modified crops that are pest resistant and need less water were introduced with the help of scientific advancements, allowing each farmer to feed 155 people. The second revolution promoted the use of mechanized tools in farming practices, increasing the rate of production as well as the quantity of crop yield. The third revolution, also described as a green revolution, was the phase when genetically modified crops began to be used by almost everyone, leading to greater produce output.

Abstract

Although mobile technologies keep evolving through years, Fault management and cyber-security management in mobile networks are still treated as separated notions with different blocks and different approaches whereas in practice, they are highly correlated. In this paper, we propose a framework that takes into account the correlation between these two management systems. The framework is based on several prediction agents where each agent is composed of a security predictor, a fault predictor and a generic anomaly detection model. A re-enforcement process allows to enhance the reliability of the machine learning training and prediction phases of the different predictors. Besides, each agent can collaborate with its neighborhood for a more resilient network. An application of this framework to 5G architecture is proposed by mapping the components of our framework with network slices. Finally, an experimentation is held over a testbed that we set up on openstack in order to forecast future anomalies related to proxy overload, latency violation in call session network functions and to excessive usage of memory. The training is achieved with ARIMA and deep learning models with promising results.

1 Introduction

As mobile network technologies evolve, new services are offered and more sophisticated networks are needed. The increasing number of Internet users leads to a redesign of network architecture, forcing designers to take into account new parameters such as the need of global coverage combined with low latency, as well as a high reliability and security level. Additionally, new networking experiences are added, such as Internetof-Things (IoT), which promise to offer new services and facilities to people’s daily lives. In this demanding environment, 5G technology is emerging, playing a decisive role in the implementation of new visions and promising to deliver solutions. A major innovation introduced by 5G technology [1] is the scalability. 5G architectures take into account the possible need of extending the capabilities of the network, both at the level of user traffic growth and at the level of new services input from providers. Slicing could be the ideal solution for such networks, offering scalability as well as flexibility in managing a giant network. Network Slicing is set to be a prominent feature of 5G to allow connectivity and data processing tailored to specific customers requirements. Mobile communications provided by smart networks will enhance the efficiency and productivity of business processes and will open up opportunities for network operators to address the Business-to-Business segment more effectively.

1- Introduction

2- Related works

3- System model and problem statements

4- Design of the MLCD scheme

5- Experiments and simulations

6- Conclusions

References

Abstract

Recently, the evolving of 5G networks is foreseen as a major driver of future mobile vehicular social networks (VSNs), which can provide a novel method of code disseminations. Based on this concept, vehicles can be used as code disseminators. That is, infrastructures of a smart city can be upgraded by receiving updated program codes that are disseminated by vehicles in the VSNs. Specifically, vehicles in the 5G network are hard to be managed. Under this domain, safety of program codes is a key challenge. Meanwhile, improving coverage of program codes is also challenging. However, arranging plenty of vehicles as code disseminators will incur large costs of the ground control station (GCS). Therefore, by utilizing machine learning methods, this paper proposes a “Machine Learning based Code Dissemination by Selecting Reliability Mobile Vehicles in 5G Networks” (MLCD) scheme to choose vehicles with higher reliable degree and coverage ratio as code disseminators to deliver code with lower costs. Firstly, reliable degrees of vehicles are calculated and selected to improve safety degree of code disseminations. Secondly, vehicles with higher coverage ratio are preferred to promise code coverage. Thirdly, machine learning methods are utilized to select vehicles with both higher coverage ratios and reliable degrees as code disseminators with limited costs. Compared to random-selection and coverage-only scheme respectively, the MLCD scheme can improve safety degree of code dissemination process by 83.6% and 18.86% in 5G networks, and can improve coverage ratio of updated information by 23.16%. Comprehensive performances of the proposed scheme can be improved by 80.56% and 17.25% respectively. Future works focus on improving code security in 5G networks by more advanced and suitable machine learning methods.

Introduction

Recently, the increasing demands and requirements of vehicular social networks (VSNs) poses challenges for the 5G networks [1,2]. The 5G mobile system is complex and is hard to be managed. Therefore, a hot research aspect where a VSNs systems’ reliability to enhance and promise a safety environment via the machine learning schemes (ML) becomes more prudent and significant. In the 5G mobile networks, because of the characteristics of large-number and mobility, the vehicles have been widely utilized in varies of situations in smart city. Large number of vehicles can act as mobile data mules to deliver data or to collect data from plenty of sensors that spread across virtually every smart city streets (garbage cans, streetlamps, bus stations, etc., with low costs [3]. Moreover, it is convenient for those mobile vehicle to transmit codes to hundreds of thousands of sensor derives in a smart city, especially in dynamic city networks, where there are plenty of temporarily deployed sensing devices that are not connected to the Internet. [4,5]. Researches above have developed and provided more convenient services to the social life.

1. Introduction

2. Authentication and access control delegation

3. Security analysis

4. Performance analysis

5. Related works

6. Conclusion and future work

References

Abstract

The fifth generation of mobile networks, 5G, is expected to support a set of many requirements and use cases such as handling connectivity for a massive number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Authenticating IoT devices and controlling their access to the network plays a vital role in the security of these devices and of the whole cellular system. In current cellular networks, as well as in 3GPP specifications release 16 on 5G, the AAC (Authentication and Access Control) of IoT devices is done in the same manner as the AAC of MBB (Mobile Broadband) UE (User Equipment). Considering the expected growth of IoT devices, this will likely induce a very high load on the connectivity provider’s CN (Core Network) and cause network failures.

To manage the AAC of this massive number of devices, we propose an SSAAC (Slice Specific Authentication and Access Control) mechanism that makes use of the flexibility provided by virtualization technologies. This mechanism allows the authentication and access control of IoT devices to be delegated to the 3rd parties providing these devices, thereby decreasing the load of the connectivity provider’s CN, while increasing the flexibility and modularity of the whole 5G network. We evaluate the feasibility of our proposal with the OAI (Open Air Interface) open-source platform. Next, we provide a security analysis of the proposal and highlight the security requirements to use with this proposal. We also evaluate the impact of this delegation approach on the network load considering the anticipated number of AAC signaling messages compared to the existing AAC mechanisms in cellular networks. According to these evaluations, our approach is feasible and it would provide cellular networks the opportunity to overcome the security shortcomings in their AAC mechanisms. It also considerably reduces the AAC signaling load on the connectivity provider’s CN.

Introduction

Along with mobility, security is one of the most important aspects of cellular systems. AAC (Authentication and access control) plays a vital role in ensuring the expected security level. In 3G and 4G, authentication and access control of subscribers are done through AKA (authentication and key agreement) protocols. These protocols (UMTSAKA protocol in 3G and EPS-AKA in 4G) are based on the unique identities of subscribers and symmetric cryptographic algorithms [1, 2]

The system subscribers’ identities and the secret keys (that are used in symmetric cryptographic algorithms) are provisioned in secured elements (e.g., SIM cards or embedded SIM) and stored in cellular system’s database as well. Executing these AKA protocols to establish a secure connection with the cellular system is mandatory for each UE (composed of a mobile device and a secured element) to obtain its cellular connectivity [1, 2]. However, these well-established principles may prevent cellular systems from supporting the connectivity of amassive number of devices [3], in particular when considering the context of the IoT– where a high growth rate of connected devices is anticipated [4-6]. On one hand, most devices are constrained in terms of energy supply and computational capacities preventing them from running complex security protocols like EPS-AKA [7, 8, 9]. On the other hand, the tremendous number of attachment requests from these devices may induce signaling congestion by increasing the connectivity provider’s CN load [10, 11]. According to [12], the “Attach” procedure, that includes AAC, is indeed one of the most expensive procedures in terms of load on the CN. Considering this pattern, adversaries could be able to cause the denial of service attacks by generating traffic or emphasizing the natural traffic of these devices. This couldresultinauthenticationfailure andconnectivity loss of devices [13].

1. Introduction

2. 5G service quality and business requirements

3. 5G network softwarization and slicing: Concepts & use cases

4. 5G network slicing enabling technologies

5. State-of-the-Art: 5G network slicing architectures and implementations

6. Open source orchestrators, proof of concepts & standardization efforts

7. 5G network slicing orchestration and management

8. Future challenges and research directions

9. Conclusion

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgment

Appendix A. Supplementary materials

Research Data

References

Abstract

The increasing consumption of multimedia services and the demand of high-quality services from customers has triggered a fundamental change in how we administer networks in terms of abstraction, separation, and mapping of forwarding, control and management aspects of services. The industry and the academia are embracing 5G as the future network capable to support next generation vertical applications with different service requirements. To realize this vision in 5G network, the physical network has to be sliced into multiple isolated logical networks of varying sizes and structures which are dedicated to different types of services based on their requirements with different characteristics and requirements (e.g., a slice for massive IoT devices, smartphones or autonomous cars, etc.). Softwarization using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)in 5G networks are expected to fill the void of programmable control and management of network resources.

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review and updated solutions related to 5G network slicing using SDN and NFV. Firstly, we present 5G service quality and business requirements followed by a description of 5G network softwarization and slicing paradigms including essential concepts, history and different use cases. Secondly, we provide a tutorial of 5G network slicing technology enablers including SDN, NFV, MEC, cloud/Fog computing, network hypervisors, virtual machines & containers. Thidly, we comprehensively survey different industrial initiatives and projects that are pushing forward the adoption of SDN and NFV in accelerating 5G network slicing. A comparison of various 5G architectural approaches in terms of practical implementations, technology adoptions and deployment strategies is presented. Moreover, we provide a discussion on various open source orchestrators and proof of concepts representing industrial contribution. The work also investigates the standardization efforts in 5G networks regarding network slicing and softwarization. Additionally, the article presents the management and orchestration of network slices in a single domain followed by a comprehensive survey of management and orchestration approaches in 5G network slicing across multiple domains while supporting multiple tenants. Furthermore, we highlight the future challenges and research directions regarding network softwarization and slicing using SDN and NFV in 5G networks.

Introduction

The exponential growth of mobile video services (e.g., YouTube and Mobile TV) on smart devices and the advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) have triggered global initiatives towards developing the fifth-generation (5G) mobile and wireless communication sys-tems [1,2,3]. The increasing number of smart devices (e.g., tablets and smartphones) and the growing number of bandwidth-hungry mobile applications (e.g., live video streaming, online video gaming) which demand higher spectral efficiency than that of 4G systems are posing significant challenges in 5G. The Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Forecast [4] predicts that IP video traffic will be 82% of all consumer Internet traffic by 2022, up from 75% in 2017. Mobile video traffic alone will account for 78% of the global mobile data traffic. While the traffic for virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) will increase at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 82% between 2017 and 2022, the traffic growth rates of TVs, tablets, smartphones, and M2M modules will be 21%, 29%, 49%, and 49%, respectively. Such a tremendous growth will be the result of 12.3 billion mobile-connected devices, which is expected to even exceed the world’s projected population of 8 billion by 2022. A 5G connection is expected to generate 4.7 times more data than that of 4G [4].