Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Theoretical background

4. Direct and indirect effects of affordances on employees’ impression management strategies

5. Contingent effects on the relationship between affordances and employees’ impression management strategies

6. Discussion

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Vitae

Abstract

Enterprise Social Media Platforms (ESMPs) are arenas for self-presentation where employees construct, co-create, and maintain an online image among their colleagues. This study systemically evaluated the current literature to understand the potential of ESMPs in influencing employees’ impression management strategies from the affordance perspective. Drawing from a focused review of the literature on ESMPs’ affordances and impression management, this paper reclassified employees’ impression management strategies in the context of ESMPs. It proposes a conceptual framework that captures the complex relationship between ESMPs’ affordances and employees’ various impression management strategies. The framework highlights that ESMPs’ affordances affect employees’ impression management strategies, both positively and negatively, and proposes the contingent effects of individual motives and boundary management on the relationship between affordances and employees’ impression management strategies. Our literature review and proposed framework provide a useful basis for future studies on impression management on ESMPs. Our framework also helps employees manage impressions strategically and managers and ESMPs’ developers to fulfil ESMPs’ potential by understanding how affordance affects impression management strategies.

1. Introduction

The advancement of web-based technology enabled social media (such as blogs, wikis, social networking sites, social tagging and microblogging) to proliferate rapidly, leading to new management practices in organisations (Cao & Yu, 2019). An increasing number of organisations in various industries are deploying social media to improve critical organisational processes (Kwayu, Abubakre, & Lal, 2021). According to McKinsey’s survey, 65 % of corporations reported using Web 2.0 technologies in their organisations (Bughin & Chui, 2010).

Enterprise social media platforms (ESMPs) are digital platforms based on Web 2.0 technologies that can help employees connect, collaborate and communicate (Azaizah, Reychav, Raban, Simon, & McHaney, 2018; Zhu, Sun, Jeyaraj, & Hao, 2021). The benefits of ESMPs also include improving employees’ agility (Cai, Huang, Liu, & Wang, 2018), team improvisation ability (Sun, Wu, Chen, Lin, & Shang, 2020), and team creative performance (Cao & Ali, 2018). ESMPs’ achievements are mostly due to their characteristics, which differ from other information and communication technologies. For instance, employees can observe the conversations and social connections among colleagues to promote knowledge transfer (Islam, Jasimuddin, & Hasan, 2017). Yammer, Chatter, Jive and Sharepoint are some of the popular ESMPs organisations use to encourage employees’ information and knowledge sharing and add value to their existing processes (Schrage, 2013).

1- Introduction

2- A concept on how to digitalize business models

3- Platforms as a solution for holistic value chain management

4- Case Study – A platform for electrical waste

5- Summary

6- References

Abstract

The transformation of traditional value chain processes towards a digital value chain management enables companies to sustainably establish and retain a competitive market position. Digitisation offers the opportunity to design and operate expansive process chains with efficient process operations via co-operative platforms. Increased customer loyalty („lock-in”) via integrated measures at the front-end raises utilization and planning certainty for the technological recovery systems.

Introduction

Shorter product life cycles, continuous changes and further development of business processes lead to changes in business models and the everyday work life. Customers expect faster business transactions, one- stop- shop solutions and transparency in the value chain. This is only possible, if companies are able to digitalise information and data concerning products, customers, processes and services and thereby transform their business procedures digitally. With this new working method, a high amount of data is collected about all processes, as well as data about internal and external communication, requiring a high amount of management and data analysis. In addition, the quality of the data is very important to ensure consistency and correctness. (Baumeier 2016) The following paper will elaborate how to digitalise processes, the role of digital platforms and its influence on the value chain, as well as a case study about the digitalization of a traditional business in the electronic waste (ewaste) recycling business.

With rapid development of the cloud computing system, widespread interest in cloud operating system (Cloud OS) is a relatively recent phenomenon. In fact, a lot of companies have been managing cloud infrastructure at scale and providing cloud service for more than ten years and built many different cloud-management software in that time. The definition of Cloud OS from PC Magazine Encyclopedia is: a server-side software platform that provides the complete infrastructure for setting up cloud computing services. Cloud OS is the “core” of the cloud-management software, and does what a traditional OS does: bridges hardware (called bare metal) and upper application, but at the scope and scale of cloud computing. The hardware of cloud is evolving into a multidimensional space that includes many-core processors, virtualized clusters and software-defined networks. There are different business models of cloud computing, such as IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service). So there are different levels of API (Application Programming Interface) for cloud services and a variety of network middleware, such as message queue, distributed lock, distributed database and distributed storage, shielding the natural distribution of the large system. A key challenge for architects and designers of future clouds is to provide the right set of abstractions so that application builders can fully leverage these �ew opportunities, while avoiding the ossification that often anses when such a large diversity of factors is involved. 978-1-5090-4499-3/17/$31.00 ©20 17 IEEE 271 Most of cloud computing systems use vertical integration approach and customize the underlying OS and network middleware for efficiency, even simply remove much of the functionality in a general purpose OS. If the underlying OS is based monolithic kernel, which is inconvenient for ondemand dynamic reconfiguration and hot-plugging services, the cloud-management software could not accommodate various type of network computing applications, such as the computation-intensive, data-intensive and network-intensive. Meanwhile, the form of service delivery is going through an evolution, with VMs being joined by containers and unikernels as packing and deployment mechanisms. So, the next-generation Cloud OS as the unified framework for versatility of cloud-management software ecosystem is very significant. It means the network computing application can shift to more efficiently managing datacenter resources as a whole, including networking, storage and compute. The end-user will be able to deliver powerful applications and data on virtually any device to boost productivity, while maintaining security and compliance.

Prepackaged food refers to the food that is packaged before being offered for sale. It is recognized with two important features. On one hand, its content cannot be altered without opening or changing the packaging. On the other hand, it can be directly consumed by ultimate customers. Prepackaged food plays a more and more important role in modern lives as it could bring many benefits, for example, it boasts more varieties, with longer shelf-lives, and is much more convenient for usage and storage. According to the report of “Research and Markets” (Hartman, 2015), the market of prepackaged food will bring $3.03 trillion revenue by 2020. However, with the booming of prepackaged food industry, the food safety incidents increase accordingly, which greatly decrease the confidence of consumers and even bring about severe public health impact. Therefore, to prevent these food incidents and ensure a benign food consumption environment, a lot of efforts have been made by governments and industries. For example, the Food and Environmental Hyglene Department of Hong Kong has erected regulation on the labeling of prepackaged food to provide precise and sufficient information for customers. Wuliangye Yibin Co. Ltd, one of the most famous Chinese alcoholic beverage companies, has adopted radio-frequency identification (RFID) to the packaging of its products for anti-counterfeiting. The efforts are still far from sufficient that safety and quality problems still frequently happen, such as counterfeiting, excessive and unhealthy additives, and expired food and bad food. It is also challenging to solve these problems arising in prepackaged food industry as it involves too many companies, from raw material suppliers, producers, logistics companies, to distributers and retailers. Meanwhile, the amount of prepackaged food is tremendously huge, which posts another difficulty to control the quality. Furthermore, the packaging of the food is usually simple and cheap, which is easy to be fabricated. Effective tracking and tracing for these prepackaged food during their whole supply chains should be an effective tool to solve these problems, and it has also been widely recognized and verified in the food industry (Heyder et al., 2012; Gandino et al., 2007; Scholten and Verdouw, 2016). With the booming of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, many Real-Time Tracking and Tracing Systems (RT3 Ss) for food supply chain have been developed to guarantee the safety of food (Trienekens et al., 2014). RT3 S makes it possible to detect potential safety threats and then make rapid response to deal with safety incidents (Aung and Chang, 2014). Besides, it can also increase the confidence of customers to buy these foods (Liu and Han, 2016).

As the number of useful and convenient applications in smartphones is increasing, more and more people prefer to use their smartphones for entertainment and daily activities. Android is the most popular mobile operating system in the world, with hundreds of millions of mobile devices distributed among more than 190 countries [1]. Along with its wide application, many studies concentrate on its security [2], memory [3], power consuming [4], bugs [5], etc. In this paper, we analyze the Android operating system from the viewpoint of bugs. Previous studies on bugs in Android mainly focused on bug locations in modules and their persistence, code modification [5], duplicate bug detection [6], [7], or bug changes [8], etc. Although the fruits present good results for the understanding of bugs in Android, the distribution of bug types in this operating system and the relationship between the bug types and bug attributes are significant topics deserved to be studied, which has not been fully explored till now. Several bug classification methods have been conducted based on bug manifestations. For example, Gray [9] classified bugs into Bohrbugs and Heisenbugs according to the principle whether corresponding failures can be systematically reproduced or not. Grottke et al. [10] defined Mandelbugs as the complementary antonym of Bohrbugs. Due to the simplicity of the activation and error propagation of a Bohrbug, its failure reproduction and hence isolating are easy to be processed. Comparatively the activation and/or error propagation of a Mandelbug are complex – the complexity may be induced by the time lag between bug activation and the failure occurrence, interactions of the software application with its system-internal environment, the timing of inputs and operations, and the sequencing of operations. Different from Bohrbugs, Mandelbugs could make system exhibit chaotic or even nondeterministic behavior during operation [11]. Furthermore, Mandelbugs can be divided into aging related Bugs (ARB) and non-aging related Mandelbugs (NAM). ARBs refer to bugs that can result in software aging (a phenomenon that software exhibits an increasing failure rate and/or degrading performance in a long-running software system). Based on above classification, Cotroneo et al. [12] proposed an extensive analysis of fault triggers. Several researchers have analyzed the manifestation characteristics of each type of bugs in popular software systems, like Apache HTTPD server, MySQL, Linux kernel, Apache AXIS framework [12] and space mission system software [13]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper focusing on the bug classification according to fault triggers in Android. Our study is performed with 513 bug reports of Cyanogenmod, a widely used Android operating system [14]. For each report, we examine the bug description, comments, as well as attached files carefully. The empirical study is undertaken from the following three aspects: (1) Analyze the bug types in Android. In this part, a systematic capture of bug distribution is obtained. The observations are useful to guide developers in Android focusing on the specific subtypes during bug mitigation.

The operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between a computer user and the computer hardware. We shall use both the abbreviation OS and the complete denomination operating system. An operating system has the following main objectives: first it has to execute user programs and facilitate troubleshooting for users; secondly it has to make the computing system easy to use; and third it has to use efficiently the hardware of the computing system [1], [2]. The operating system offers services to both users and developers who make possible the operation of a computer without the need of employing low-level hardware controls, which are difficult run. The operating system provides relatively uniform interfaces to access a wide range of devices the computer interacts with, from input/output devices, such as printers or digital cameras, to wire or wireless network components that ensure communication among computers. The operating system allows users to create, manage and organize different types of files [11]. Most modern operating systems provide graphical interfaces (GUI – Graphical User Interface) to ensure the relatively easy usage for customers [6], [9], [10], [18].

II. OPERATING SYSTEMS

Operating systems usually provided a set of APIs, named system calls. However safer operating systems have been adopted recently. Currently we have multithreading and multicore architectures integrated into our operating systems. Modern operating systems for mobile devices support many media formats: audio, video, image, and may use video cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, accelerated 3D graphics and other types of sensors. System calls have changed so dramatically in the past two years that they actually became irrelevant. This change may be attributed to two companies, Apple and Google, which are real innovation forces. With the launch of the iPhone by Apple a new paradigm has been introduced on the market, i.e. the one where the keywords are controlled user interfaces and application stores. Google followed this example with the introduction of the Android operating system, which was quickly adopted by both application developers and users. This caused a major change in the way we think about operating systems, [8], [12], [13], [14], [15].

The Android operating system has become one of the most popular platforms in mobile devices with a market share of 86.2 % in Q2 2016 [1]. This operating system supports a very large number of applications that are provided on application distributing sites by operating system developers [2], career services [3][4], and others. Monitoring application behavior is important for various reasons, such as security purposes [5] or the estimation of power consumption [6]. Battery-draining applications can be identified effectively by monitoring the number of times WakeLock is acquired and Alarm is set [7][8]. In addition, some application distributing sites conduct application analyses as a service for users [5]. In addition, monitoring application behavior is an important process used by application developers to verify their own applications. Therefore, it is important to actually execute an application when assessing its behavior. However, analyses based on actual executions are highly time consuming [6][7][8]. Naturally, monitoring the behavior of an application over the course of one day takes 24 hours. We previously proposed a method to overcome this problem by constructing an accelerated environment [9][10][11], which was achieved by modifying the implementation of time flow management in the operating system kernel. These studies demonstrated that this method was accurate for low acceleration ratios, such as twice the usual operating speed. However, the method has not been evaluated for high ratios, such as ten or one hundred times. This paper introduces an accelerating method and presents an evaluation of its stability and accuracy with high acceleration ratios. We then describe the problems associated with stability-based evaluation. We explore the causes of system instability and explain our findings, namely that timers in the system are one of the important reasons. Finally, we describe the results we obtained after disabling these timers and investigating the effect of this solution on the system stability.

“Software-defined” has become one of the hottest buzzwords in both academia and industry. It describes a family of technologies including SDNs, SDS, and SDDCs that are collectively sometimes referred to as “softwaredefined everything” (SDX). In a softwaredefined system, hardware resources can be virtualized and managed by OS routines or the control plane, and users can write programs to access and manage the services provided by virtualized resources.4 We argue that OSs offer these same capabilities. For example, a traditional OS such as Linux or Windows provides virtualization of hardware resources through hardware drivers, and application development and runtime support through software development kits (SDKs) and libraries. Mobile OSs such as Android provide an extra software-defined layer with higher-level abstractions for mobile apps, including management of mobile data (for example, contact and location data), a set of APIs for app development, and a set of libraries to support app execution. Whether OSs run on small devices (such as TinyOS5 ) or huge clusters (such as cloud OSs), they offer both resource virtualization and function programmability. Put another way, a “software-defined” technology is really just an OS for that technology. In an SDN, for example, the control plane provides the ability to write high-level applications to manage the networking functions, while the data plane virtualizes networking resources. In sum, as Figure 1 shows, OSs and software-defined systems are mostly based on the same principles.

The demands on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have grown rapidly due to the various application fields and the advancements in wireless communications technologies [1], [2]. The term things in the Internet of Things is a piece of equipment having a sensing, actuating, storage, or processing capability. These devices possess unique characteristics, i.e., little memory, reduced battery capacity, and limited processing power [3]. The IoT has great potential to impact our lives in the future. From home automation to healthcare systems, the IoT has numerous applications to improve industries and society by enabling smart communication between objects and devices in a cost-effective manner [4], [5]. Therefore, it is predicted that there will be about 50 billion IoT devices by 2050 [6]. Due to the expansion of IoT networks in the last decade, various hardware platforms have been developed to support IoT sensors and actuators. Similarly, a number of operating systems (OSs) have gradually been developed to run these tiny sensors [7]. Various IoT communications standards have emerged from different organizations. For example, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) [8], the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) [9], the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) [10], the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [11], One Machine-to-Machine (M2M) [12] and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [13] are actively working to provide efficient IoT communications protocols. The IETF currently has various working groups (WGs) that deal with IoT-related protocols on any layer above the link layer (e.g., at the network layer). The IETF Routing over Lossy and Low-Power Network (ROLL) WG (RFC 6550) [14] is focused on providing standardization of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). Similarly, the IETF IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) (RFC 4944) [15] works on IPv6 networking protocol optimization using IEEE 802.15.4. The IETF 6loBAC WG (RFC Ed Queue) [16] provides specifications for transmission of IPv6 packets on master-slave/token-passing (MS/TP) networks. The IETF 6TiSCH Operation Sublayer (6TOP) WG (RFC Ed Queue) [17] defines the mode of operation for IPv6 using an IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) network. Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) in a Constrained Environment (DICE) was drafted by the IETF WG DICE (RFC 7925) [18]. At the application layer, the IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP, RFC 7252) provides web services to constrained devices [19]. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 7049) provides binary representation of structured data [20]. The Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) WG (RFC Ed Queue) focuses on creating CBOR-based signing and encryption formats [20]. Application layer security for data exchange with CoAP using the COSE format is provided by IETF’s Object Security of CoAP (OSCoAP, RFC 7744) [21].

مقاله سال 2017

این پژوهش به بررسی و کاوش مؤلفه‌های کلیدی فعال‌سازی توسعه سیستم‌عامل برنامه‌های تلفن همراه از طریق تحلیل تطبیقی فروشگاه برنامه شرکت اپل و سیستم‌عامل‌های نرم‌افزاری شرکت سامسونگ بر اساس مدل نوآوری‌های خدماتی فشرده فناوری‌های ارتباطات و اطلاعات(IISIn) از دیدگاه توسعه‌دهنده می‌پردازد. این پژوهش از طریق انجام مصاحبه فشرده با 14 تولیدکننده برنامه‌های تلفن همراه اجرایی شد که دارای تجربیاتی در حوزه توسعه با فروشگاه برنامه‌ای اپل و برنامه‌های سامسونگ بودند. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از این است که ازجمله مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های کلیدی فعال‌سازی سیستم‌عامل از دیدگاه ارائه‌کنندگان عبارت‌اند از: 1. اجزای اصلی سیستم‌عامل و پشتیبانی فنی؛ 2. سیاست همیاری برای فعالیت‌های کاری توسعه‌دهنده؛ و 3. تضمین عایدی‌های مالی کافی برای توسعه‌دهنده. این پژوهش بر اساس تئوری داده بنیان شکل‌گرفته و از مدل (IISIn) برای تعیین مؤلفه‌های موفقیت فعال‌سازی سیستم‌عامل برنامه‌های تلفن همراه بهره می‌برد. نتایج این پژوهش در هر دو ابعاد نظری و کاربردی با توجه به استراتژی‌ها و عملیات سیستم‌عامل‌های توسعه برنامه‌های تلفن همراه نقش مهمی را ایفا می‌کنند.

 مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات ICT، مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات IT

Much scholarship related to the politics of social media has focused on content and usage issues, such as the salutary relationship between social media and political transformation (Howard et al., 2011), the use of these platforms for selfrepresentation (boyd & Ellison, 2007; Correa, Willard Hinsley, & Gil de Zuniga, 2010; Gray, 2009, Marwick & boyd, 2010; Tufekci, 2008), and ways in which social media usage expands freedom of expression and facilitates new forms of citizen journalism, alternative media, and dissent (Lynch, Freelon, & Aday, 2014). These inquiries are primarily focused on content rather than the less visible area of the technical infrastructure supporting social media content.

Though not visible in the same way content is visible, how technical infrastructure is designed and administered is not only a technically complex function but one with significant public interest implications. The broad term “Internet governance” is often used to describe the design and administration of the technical infrastructure necessary to keep the Internet operational and the enactment of substantive policies around these technologies (DeNardis, 2014). A dominant theme in both the scholarship and practice of Internet governance examines the policymaking role of new global institutions, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) overseeing domain names and the Internet address space, the Regional Internet Registries distributing Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, or the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) establishing the technical standards that enable interoperability among computing devices (Froomkin, 2003; Klein, 2002; Mueller, 2002). Another prominent theme is the role of nation states and intergovernmental organizations in regulating or coordinating the Internet in areas as diverse as antitrust, net neutrality, computer fraud and abuse, privacy, or hate speech (DeNardis, 2009; Goldsmith & Wu, 2006; Mueller, 2010).

A less established but growing area of inquiry examines private information intermediaries, such as social media platforms, in enacting global governance via platform design choices and user policies. Discussing real identification requirements on Facebook and Googleþ, Rebecca MacKinnon (2012) contends that these platforms take a “Hobbesian approach to governance” (p. 164), with users consenting to give up fundamental rights in exchange for services. Tarleton Gillespie (2010) suggests that private intermediaries strategically frame themselves as “platforms” to pursue economic interests and impact the legal framework in which they operate.