I- Introduction

II- Voltage Distortion With Different IGBT Models

III- IGBT Transient Model

IV- Circuit Solver With FPGA

V- High-Power Traction System Simulation Study

VI- Conclusions

References

Abstract

The hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulation plays a vital role in the test of high-power electronic system. Although the application of field programmable gate array (FPGA) embedded system has enabled the real-time system simulating below 500ns, the transient characteristic of high voltage insulated-gate bipolar transistor (HVIGBT) is largely compromised. In this paper, a new piece-wise HVIGBT model, considering its driver circuit effect and parasite parameter, is proposed for FPGA-based real-time simulation applications. With the attempt to reduce the simulation latency, we propose a FPGA solver with a parallel structural to divide the system into several layers. The model could not only provide accurate system-level performance of the power electronic converter but also give an insight into the transient behavior effect of high-power electronic system. At last, a case study about emulation of traction system of high-speed train is also presented. Implementations are made on a FPGA Kintex-7 embedded in National Instruments FlexRIO PXIe-7975. The obtained results show that the proposed modeling algorithm can achieve both accuracy and efficiency within a fixed real-time simulation time step of 25 nanoseconds.

Introduction

The high voltage insulated-gate bipolar transistor (HVIGBT) is widely used in the electrified transportation where high voltage and current are required. Advancements in power electronics applications demand IGBT operating in high switching speed as well as high switching frequency [1]. Due to dead-time, switching time, delay time and voltage drops, the output voltage and current are distorted with respect to an ideal switch performance [2]. Its model precision is crucial for model-based motor control strategy [3]. Researching HVIGBT model is an important stream for theses megawatt power electronic system simulation. In recent years, there are three types of IGBT model used in real-time simulation. The most accurate model is numerical model, which solves the physical equations in analytical expression describing carriers and electrical behavior. The analytical model utilizes the parameter extracted from testing waveform and solves high-order physical equations. Despite these physical or device level models are assumed to be too complex to be implemented in FPGA, [4][5][6] have reported using physical or device level semiconductor simulation in FPGA. They are impressive for an FPGA implementation seeking low steps within acceptable on-chip resource utilization. However, these implementations are not suitable for a HVIGBT with high switch frequency and high switch speed. The relative slow calculation speed in their execution results a high latency between simulator and controller, which could largely affect the simulator’s response to the controller. As for the behavioral model [7][8][9], it treats semiconductor devices as ideal or nearly ideal switches when the semiconductors are in either completely on or completely off states. This idealization is suitable for the fast computation speed required by the real-time.

1. Introduction

2. Important factors to consider in fatigue design with AM

3. Multiaxial fatigue characterization

4. Summary and perspective for future research

Acknowledgements

References

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a state of the art technology enabling fabrication of complex geometries, in addition to providing other advantages as compared to the traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. However, a wide variety of factors significantly influence fatigue behavior and structural performance of components made of AM metals. In addition to the fabrication process parameters, these include the effects of build direction, surface roughness, residual stresses, and heat treatment, and multiaxial stress states. At the microstructural level, defects such as pores and lack of fusion particles, as well as other microstructural features affect the behavior. In this paper, first a brief review of the aforementioned factors affecting the fatigue behavior will be presented. Then some experimental multiaxial fatigue data for selective laser melting (SLM), which is a powder bed fusion (PBF) metal AM process, of a common Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with applications in many industries are presented and discussed. The effects of surface finish, heat treatment, and stress state will be evaluated, as well as failure mechanisms in different life regimes and the role of defects. Finally, some additional factors that must be considered before wide acceptance of the AM technology in critical load bearing applications will be addressed.

Introduction

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a state of the art process which enables fabrication of complex geometries and provides several advantages over the traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. Among the advantages of AM process is the possibility of fabricating complicated geometries which are difficult or impossible to build using traditional manufacturing. In contrast to subtractive manufacturing, in which a part is made by removing the material from a block, in AM the part is built with a close to final shape geometry with little or no need for material removal, therefore, there is much less material waste. On site fabrication is amongst the other advantages of AM technique. AM metallic parts are commonly fabricated via Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes. In PBF, a metal powder is melted selectively via laser or electron beam over the previous layer, while in DED, both energy source which could be laser or electron beam, and the material which is powder or wire infuse simultaneously. For more information about the fabrication process of AM parts the reader is referred to review articles in the literature, for example to [1, 2]. Several process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and strategy, and layer thickness are amongst the important parameters which could directly influence the material microstructure and, therefore, behavior.

1. Introduction

2. Finite element numerical modeling

3. Results and Discussions

Conclusions

References

1. Introduction

2. The FIRST experimental device

3. The experimental results [14]

4. Interpretation of the experimental results

5. Specification of the new device FABIME2E

6. The NEW experimental device: FABIME2E

7. Technical specifications

8. First tests campaign (with high pressure and ambient temperature)

9. CONCLUSION

Acknowledgements

References

The lifetime extension of the nuclear power stations is considered as an energy challenge worldwide. That is why, the risk analysis and the study of various effects of different factors that could potentially represent a hazard to a safe long term operation are necessary. These structures, often of great dimensions, are subjected during their life to complex loading combining varying mechanical loads, multiaxial, with non-zero mean values associated with temperature fluctuations and also PWR environment. Historically, the methodology for fatigue dimensions of the Pressurized Water Reactor components (PWR) (ASME, RCC-M, KTA, …) is based on the use of design curves established from tests carried out in air at 20°C on smooth specimens by integrating safety coefficients that cover, among other parameters, the dispersion of tests associated with the effects of structures. Based on more recent fatigue data (including tests at 300°C in air and PWR environment, etc…), some international codes (RCC-M, ASME and others) have proposed and suggested a modification of the austenitic stainless steels fatigue curve combined with a calculation of an environmental penalty factor, namely Fen, which has to be multiplied by the usual fatigue usage factor. The aim of this paper is to present a new device “FABIME2E” developed in the LISN in collaboration with EDF and AREVA. These new tests allow quantifying accurately the effect of PWR environment on semi-structure specimen. This new device combines the structural effect like equi-biaxiality and mean strain and the environmental penalty effect with the use of PWR environment during the fatigue tests.

Introduction

The question of assessing the margins and safety factors in the fatigue analyses which are widely used today (ASME BPV III, RCC-M, JSME, EN-13445-3, etc… [1] [2] [3] [4]) is a very challenging one. The fatigue rules used today in the nuclear industry were initially built and integrated into the ASME code in the 1960’s. Establishing fatigue rules is a challenge in itself since fatigue degradation depends on the wear of components which undergo repeated cycling: fatigue tests can therefore be very long and costly, if led on full-size components. As a result, the testing is in practice conducted on small laboratory specimens, which then triggers the question of how to extrapolate results to a full size component. Another difficulty is that the rules need to remain easy to apply in order to be applied for industrial engineering calculations. Since 2007, the USA with the NUREG/CR-6909 [1], have now included the evaluation of environmental effects in their official regulation. Indeed, on the curves presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the PWR water environment effect on the fatigue lifetime of material used in the manufacture of reactor components are illustrated.

Introduction

In the modern business environment, resources and competencies are key factors that enable organizations to survive, innovate and grow (Subramaniam and Youndt, 2005). According to the knowledge-based theory, knowledge is one such crucial resource that organizations must possess and develop (Nonaka, 1994). Various researchers argue that knowledge resources can become a primary source of sustainable competitive advantage (Zheng et al., 2010; Kapoor and Adner, 2012; Swart et al., 2014). Matusik and Hill (1998, p. 683) also assert that “firms increasingly rely on building and creating knowledge as a necessary condition to survive.” The intellectual capital–based view (Reed et al., 2006) further posits that an organization’s innovative capabilities depend on the competencies and knowledge its members possess (Subramaniam and Youndt, 2005), as well as that organization’s ability to deploy and use them effectively (Martín-de Castro, 2015). By developing capabilities to create, share and utilize knowledge, organizations gain a better position from which to innovate, grow and build sustainable competitive advantages (Chen and Huang, 2009). The core competence theory argues that another key condition for an organization to build a sustainable competitive advantage is to duplicate its core competence across a wide range of markets. However, such duplication is possible only if knowledge can be shared among employees, as well as across the organization’s work units (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990). Defined as a process through which information, opinions, ideas, theories and principles are exchanged or disseminated among people or groups in an organization (Appleyard, 1996; Argote and Ingram, 2000), knowledge sharing has become crucial for organizational survival, growth and prosperity (Desouza, 2003; Swart et al., 2014). According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), it also may be a prerequisite for converting general ideas and concepts into specific products. Furthermore, knowledge sharing contributes to the development of various organizational capabilities, such as creativity and innovation, which in turn are vital to organizational effectiveness (Kogut and Zander, 1996). Ryu et al. (2005) identify knowledge sharing as one of the most critical steps in the organizational leaning process that enables individual members to learn from others. King et al.’s (2002) survey of 2,073 knowledge management practitioners and executives reports that the challenge of “how to motivate individuals to contribute their knowledge to a knowledge management system” was considered one of the most critical issues in knowledge management research. Despite its key role in building a competitive advantage (Rhodes et al., 2008), knowledge sharing, thus, remains perhaps the most difficult aspect of knowledge management (Bakker et al., 2006), confirming the importance of academic research into its dynamics in organizations. Understanding how knowledge is created, manifested and shared in the workplace remains important for the success of organizations ( Jang et al., 2002; Michailova and Husted, 2003; Galunic et al., 2014). For researchers, such as Alavi and Leidner (2001), Argote and Ingram (2000) and Pentland (1995), organizational effectiveness is strongly associated with the extent to which knowledge is shared among organizational members.

Whether accounting information quality affects the cost of capital has been the central theme of a large and growing literature in accounting, economics, and finance. This literature provides considerable empirical evidence of a negative relation between the two constructs (Armstrong et al. 2013). However, the mechanism behind the relation has been a subject of intense debate (Beyer et al. 2010; Tang 2011). We contribute to the debate by investigating empirically whether and how accounting information quality is related to existing systematic risk factors (i.e., firm betas). In neoclassical theory, a firm’s cost of capital depends exclusively on exposure to systematic risk, i.e., systematic risk factors and risk premiums on these factors (Hughes et al. 2007; Armstrong et al. 2013). Thus, accounting information quality can affect the cost of capital in only three possible ways: First, accounting information quality constitutes an additional systematic risk factor that is distinct from other known such factors; second, accounting information quality itself is not a systematic risk factor but affects risk premiums on known such factors; and third, accounting information quality is somehow related to known systematic risk factors. Previous studies have closely examined the first two possibilities, producing completely contradictory insights. For example, Easley and O’hara (2004), Francis et al. (2005), and Bandyopadhyay et al. (2017) suggest that accounting information quality is a priced systematic risk factor. However, Core et al. (2008) show that accounting information quality represents idiosyncratic risk that can be completely diversified away. Hughes et al. (2007) argue that high accounting information quality decreases risk premiums on known systematic factors, but Veronesi (2000) demonstrates the opposite. Despite these deadlock situations involving the first two possibilities, the third one has received relatively little attention in academic research.

Due to global competition modern organizations are paying particular attention to Global Sourcing. This practice has been embraced due to the cost savings it generates, the access to technologies and higher quality products in some cases. Organizations can choose suppliers from anywhere in the world, developing countries are becoming more competitive given their low labor and operating costs. Global supplier selection is riskier than the domestic supplier selection, consequently the decision making process is strongly affected by perceived risks. Suppliers with low price products can be offset by a history of delayed deliveries, or suppliers with state of the art technology can be undermined by excessive tariffs and costs. Risk can originate from economics and political uncertainty in the supplier’s country. Natural disasters are also within the risk factor, any natural disaster can have catastrophic consequences in today’s interconnected global supply network. All of these types of disruptions can damage profitability, stock price, and market reputation for the organization with significant long lasting consequences. In [1] Sawik affirms that taking risk into consideration will allow the buyer to decide whether it should cooperate with a low cost yet risky supplier, over a more expensive but possibly more reliable supplier. There is a crucial need to identify these risk factors and take them into consideration when selecting a supplier. However the supplier selection team struggles to obtain precise, complete and up to date information [2]. Data resources are usually only available at a low frequency of monthly or quarterly levels [3]. The data is sparse through reports, external databases, ERP and MIS systems which are limited and not able to provide sufficient information regarding the risks and uncertainty from the suppliers. The supplier selection process demands more transparency and up to date information. Given the new Big Data era we are in, gathering data is not a problem anymore and we can utilize global insight and knowledge to assess the risk and uncertainty for each supplier. In regards of supply chain management some researchers have already used the data in social media to revolutionize their organizations. For instance, social media has played an important role in demand prediction for supply chain management [4,5], according to [6] social media offers insight on preferences and consumer behavior. The information in social media is updated rapidly and spreads virally at an exceptional speed; this provides us with first-hand information. We now have the opportunity to analyze this vast portfolio of information to assist the supplier selection process. In this research, we focus on social media rather than conventional online data due to its ability to be generated and diffused in a quicker manner; we mainly focus on the microblogging tool Twitter. This is because up to date and relevant information is required due to the nature of the risk and uncertainty criteria.

Introduction

There isno commonly acceptedtermfor referring to internal and external intelligence required for business decision-making, we consider Business Intelligence (BI) as an umbrella term consisting of technologies and processes to deal with information to improve decision making (Wanda & Stian, 2015). BI is “both a process and a product.” The process is composed of methods that organizations use to develop useful information, or intelligence, that can help organizations survive and thrive. The product is information that will allow organizations to predict the behavior of their “competitors, suppliers, customers, technologies, acquisitions, markets, products and services, and the general business environment” with a degree of certainty. Business Intelligence (BI) is attracting attention because there is an increase in information availability through electronic means of acquisition, processing and communication that can be used as a basis for intelligence practices. Also,the context of great worldwide political and social change, increased global competition from new or more aggressive competition, and rapid technological changes (Nasri, 2012) requires improved information use. The growing uncertainty leads to increasing information processing activities within firms (Dishman & Calof, 2008). If not, the survival of firms may be at risk (Shollo, 2010). Startups work hard to achieve their space in the market and must perform to survive and grow. We must note that a small firm is not a scaled-down version of larger firms. There are differences in terms of their structures, resources available, management practices, environmental response and the way they compete in the market (Man, Lau, & Chan, 2002). In a strongly competitive, dynamic and volatile environment, firms must make the efforts to gather information to improve their decisions. This can be a challenge for every business but a more marked one to startups struggling in the market (Foster et al., 2015). This process can assist managers to maintain an effective fit with their environment and increase their firms’ performance (Zahra & Garvis, 2000; Zahra, Neubaum, & El-Hagrassey, 2002) The resource-based view (RBV) theory asserts that, to develop and maintain competitive advantages companies must use their physical, human, and organizational assets, both tangible and intangible (Lonial & Carter, 2015; Molina, Del Pino, & Rodriguez, 2004). An important notion of this theory is that firms controlling valuable and rare resources have the capacity to build a competitive advantage, moreover, if these resources are difficult to imitate or substitute (Wiklund & Shepherd, 2011). Complementary, the knowledge-based view (KBV) focuses on knowledge as the most valuable resource in the company (Villar, Alegre, & Pla-Barber, 2014). It builds upon the theoretical foundation of the RBV by viewing knowledge as the primary factor of production from which a firm can derive competitive advantage. BI is one of these assets because it can be used to obtain information, and, simultaneously, can contribute to increase the pool of knowledge available to managers. This is possible because of the processes involved in knowledge production are both of searching and recombination (Colombelli, Krafft, & Quatraro, 2013).

The traditional hypothesized relationship between market orientation (MO) and firm performance has been well established and validated in the area of marketing (e.g. Jaworski and Kohli, 1993; Narver and Slater, 1990) and strategic management (e.g. Hult and Ketchen, 2001; Morgan et al., 2009). This relationship has been proved to be positive, significant, and robust (Cano et al., 2004; Ellis, 2006; Kirca et al., 2005). In explaining this phenomenon, scholars are motivated to explore how firms possess MO and deploy this market-based asset to develop and sustain competitive advantages (Kirca et al., 2005). Then the market orientation-firm performance linkage has been unpacked and explored by various studies searching for various mediating factors connecting MO and firm performance. For example, organizational innovativeness and learning orientation are mediating factors that have been explored by scholars from the innovation and learning-based perspective (e.g. Baker and Sinkula, 1999; Deshpandé and Farley, 2004; Han et al., 1998; Keskin, 2006). Other explored mediating factors are branding orientation (O’Cass and Voola, 2011), product advantage (Langerak et al., 2004), and new products and related marketing programs creativity (Im and Workman, 2004). Influenced by the MO trend in the 1990s, management accounting research has experienced a boom in an interest in market-oriented management accounting (Helgesen, 2007). This signifies the potential use of management accounting system (MAS) information in the marketoriented setting. The path from the use of MAS to firm performance was validated in some studies (e.g. Agbejule, 2005; Chia, 1995). Specifically, the connection between MO and the use of MAS, via different management accounting techniques, was also examined by some scholars in the field of strategic management accounting (SMA) (Bromwich, 1990; Cadez and Guilding, 2008, 2012). Guilding and McManus (2002) revealed that MO has a positive effect on the use of these following management accounting techniques: customer accounting, customer segment profitability analysis, and valuation of customers or customer groups as assets. However, the review of management accounting literature has found little empirical evidence to support the path from MO to firm performance. The exceptional study by Cadez and Guilding (2008) sought to test the mediating effect of SMA techniques on the relationship between MO and firm performance in Slovenian companies. However, they found a non-significant relationship between MO and the use of SMA. Whether the use of management accounting information, via the design of MAS in terms of broad scope, timeliness, aggregation, integration (Chenhall and Morris, 1986), connects MO to firm performance remains unanswered in emerging markets (Nguyen and Doan, 2016). This question is significant because MO-MAS-performance link can provide managers of market-oriented firms with implications on how to develop and sustain competitive advantages via different dimensions of MAS use.

The main purpose of this article is to identify the factors which influence the IT project management. It has been noted that in the practice of the implementation of IT projects there are large discrepancies in the approach to the implementation of IT project management. They result from the fact that experts and consultants were accustomed to applying previously used methods, their simple incompetence, convenience or lack of understanding of the essence of the need to manage IT projects. Among the selected group of specialists in this field and field consultants at the turn of 2016 and 2017, the CAWI method was used to study opinions on the use of project management techniques and processes in the implementation of IT projects. Then, based on the obtained results, the analyses were conducted, and relevant conclusions and recommendations resulting from the study were presented. The formulated conclusions may be the starting point for creating an effective quality management system for project management.

Introduction

In the classic approach, project management is understood as a unique, individual project undertaken to create a quantitatively and qualitatively defined specific product or service, using the allocated human, physical and capital resources, limited in time with the defined start and completion date, which are linked by particular stages of implementation distinguished within a given method [11]. Currently, determinism, clear-cut nature and stability in determining the characteristics and results of the projects move in the direction of probability, uncertainty or dynamism. Theoretically – the spread between the two basic types of activities distinguished in today’s organisation: projects and processes should increase. Projects are defined as unique, one-off undertakings that require proper preparation – while processes are repetitive and can become automated or routine activities [3], [1]. The main difference is that the processes are performed consistently and are inherently repetitive, while projects are carried out when new needs arise, and each one is different. But in general, in a sense, projects are subsets of processes – these are all the processes which may be defined as non-routine, innovative, pragmatic, burdened with high risk and characterised by uniqueness. This is due to specific similarities – both kinds of activity are carried out by selected human teams, determined with specific resources which are limited in time, on the basis of planning, managing, supervising and controlling particular actions [2]. This, in turn, results in the fact that changes in process management directly influence project management. The objective of project implementation is to improve the existing processes, creating entirely new processes and solutions of specific problems related to the necessity of the changes of processes. In each organisation, there are both procedural and project activities. Contrary to its classic definition, projects are of continuous and perpetual nature. The end of one project means that a new project is to begin. They sometimes constitute a never-ending cycle of projects, which cannot even be referred to as sub-projects, because one never knows – due to the high level of uncertainty and high risk, the direction in which the requirements of final users would develop [9].

Envy is a deeply unpleasant emotion that arises from upward social comparisons that reflect poorly on the self (e.g., Parrott & Smith, 1993). Envy is rooted in an individual’s realization that he or she lacks something valuable that belongs to another person such as a personal attribute (e.g., intelligence, beauty), an accomplishment (e.g., winning an election), a relationship (e.g., having an attractive spouse), or a possession (e.g., financial wealth; Parrott & Smith, 1993). The sorts of upward social comparisons that tend to trigger feelings of envy are those that involve threats to one’s feelings of self-worth because they reflect an erosion of one’s relative social position (Salovey & Rodin, 1984). That is, individuals are most likely to experience envy when they perceive themselves as being inferior in some way to another individual (see Lange, Blatz, & Crusius, in press, for a review). Feelings of envy often motivate individuals to attempt to overcome their perceived inferiority (Salovey & Rodin, 1984). In essence, there are two approaches for leveling the differences between oneself and the envied individual (e.g., Lange & Crusius, 2015). The first approach is referred to as benign envy which involves the desire to attain the advantage that the superior person possesses (i.e., the goal is to bring oneself up to the level of the superior person). The existence of this benign form of envy is supported by research showing that envy is associated with positive thoughts about superior others (van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters, 2009), hopes for future success (Lange & Crusius, 2015), and shifts in attention toward means that are beneficial for fostering one’s own achievements (Crusius & Lange, 2014). The second approach is referred to as malicious envy which involves the desire to deprive the superior person of his or her advantage (i.e., the goal is to pull the superior person down to one’s own level). The existence of the malicious form of envy – which has been the focus of most previous research concerning envy – is supported by a wide array of results including those showing envy to be associated with certain aspects of narcissism (Lange, Crusius, & Hagemeyer, 2016), hostility and antagonistic thoughts about superior others (van de Ven et al., 2009), and fear of failure (Lange & Crusius, 2015). Individuals are most likely to experience envy when they perceive themselves as being inferior in some way to another individual but not everyone relies on these sorts of social comparisons to the same extent. For example, individuals with low levels of trait self-esteem are more likely to make upward social comparisons than individuals with high levels of trait self-esteem (Wayment & Taylor, 1995) which may explain the negative association between trait self-esteem level and envy that has often emerged in past studies (e.g., Rentzsch, Schröder-Abé, & Schütz, 2015). Although previous research has examined the connection that trait self-esteem has with envy, the results of those studies are at least somewhat limited because they did not distinguish between individuals with stable and unstable forms of self-esteem.

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to present two new contingent frameworks that hypothesize the moderation role of managerial ties (MTs) in the international competitive strategy-export financial and strategic performance framework. The purposes of this study are to explore whether a common standardized or individual customized conceptualization consisting of MTs, international competitive strategy and performance can be used to achieve export financial and strategic performance; to offer contingent factors for the current international competitive strategy-export performance framework; and to generalize the roles of MTs in the developed vis-à-vis developing region. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses the experience of 114 exporting firms operating in the European Union region to test its theoretical frameworks. MTs include both business and political ties. Findings – Business and political ties have completely different moderation effects on the relation between international differentiation/low-cost strategy and export financial/strategic performance. Business ties have a positive influence on the international differentiation strategy-export strategic performance and international low-cost strategy-export financial performance dyads, but a negative effect in the international low-cost strategy-export strategic performance framework. In contrast, political ties are revealed to have a negative effect on the international differentiation/low-cost strategyexport financial performance framework. Originality/value – This research advances extant international competitive strategy-export performance literature by revealing the bright and dark sides of business ties and the down side of political ties in the framework. Performance should be investigated in terms of financial and strategic performance. The moderation effect of business ties is more complex than that reported in the developing region; thus, a cross-regional generalization on these ties’ effects is more difficult to establish. In contrast, the dark side effect of political ties is consistent across developed and developing regions; a cross-regional generalization on these ties is more viable. Collectively, the results show that a standardized process for achieving both export financial and export strategic performances is not feasible, while a customized process for each export performance is needed.

چکیده
هدف – هدف از این مطالعه، معرفی دو چارچوب تصادفی نوین می باشد که قانون تعدیل روابط مدیریت (MTs) در چارچوب عملکرد مالی و استراتژیک صادرات- راهبرد رقابتی بین المللی را معرفی می کند. اهداف این مطالعه بررسی اینکه آیا یک استاندارد سازی رایج می تواند به منظور کسب عملکرد مالی و استراتژیک صادرات استفاده گردد یا مفهوم سازی مشترک فردی متشکل از MTs، راهبرد و عملکرد رقابتی بین المللی ؛ به منظور ارائه فاکتورهای تصادفی برای چارچوب عملکرد استراتژی- صادرات رقابتی بین المللی در حال حاضر؛ و به منظور کلیت بخشیدن به قوانین MTs در منطقه توسعه یافته در مقابل منطقه در حال توسعه می باشد.
طراحی/ روش شناسی/ دیدگاه – این مطالعه از تجربه 114 شرکت صادراتی در منطقه اتحادیه اروپا به منظور آزمایش چارچوب های نظری خود استفاده کرده است. MTs شامل روابط تجاری و سیاسی می باشد.
یافته ها – روابط تجاری و سیاسی به طور کامل اثرات تعدیل متفاوتی بر روی روابط بین تمایز بین المللی/ استراتژی کم هزینه و عملکرد استراتژیک/ مالی صادراتی دارد. روابط تجاری تاثیر مثبتی بر روی عملکرد استراتژی تمایز بین المللی- استراتژیک صادراتی و عملکرد مالی صادرات- استراتژی کم هزینه بین المللی دارد، اما بر روی چارچوب عملکرد استراتژیک صادرات- استراتژی کم هزینه بین المللی تاثیر منفی دارد. در مقابل، روابط سیاسی تاثیر منفی روی فرایند تمایز بین المللی/ چارچوب عملکرد مالی صادرات– استراتژی کم هزینه را آشکار می سازد.
ابتکار/ ارزش – این تحقیق عملکرد صادرات- استراتژی رقابتی بین المللی موجود را توسط آشکار نمودن جوانب روشن و تاریک روابط تجارت و جنبه رو به پایین روابط سیاسی در چارچوب توسعه می دهد. عملکرد باید از لحاظ عملکرد مالی و استراتژیک مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. اثر تعدیل روابط تجاری پیچیده تر از آنچه در منطقه در حال توسعه گزارش شده است می باشد؛ از این رو، برقرار نمودن یک تعمیم متقابل منطقه ای سختر است. در مقابل، اثر جانبی تاریک روابط سیاسی در سراسر مناطق توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه می باشد؛ یک تعمیم متقابل منطقه ای بر روی این روابط بیشتر مورد اعتماد است. به طور خلاصه، این نتایج نشان دهنده این است که یک فرایند استاندارد برای دستیابی به عملکرد مالی صادرات و استراتژی صادرات امکان پذیر نیست، در حالی که یک فرایند سفارشی برای هر عملکرد صادراتی ضروری است.