۱- Introduction

۲- Hybrid renewable energy system configuration

۳- Control strategies

۴- Case description

۵- Results: Comparison of Control Strategies

۶- Results: effect of MPC control strategy on sizing

۷- Conclusions

References

Abstract

The development of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) under the Distributed Generation (DG) paradigm is the support for substantial reduction of CO2 emissions and for greater penetration of renewable energy sources. The performance and reliability of HRES depend on the interaction between demand, generation, storage and the energy management strategy. In this study a comparison between two different control strategies is presented. In particular, a Rule Based Control (RBC) strategy has been compared with a more sophisticated Model Predictive Control (MPC) for the management of an HRES for residential applications.
Results show that a HRES operating in a connected mode has potential to support grid balancing actions giving economic benefits for both end-users and providers. Moreover, the MPC strategy gives a potential reduction of the unbalanced energy exchange with the grid and a more efficient use of the HRES components. The MPC strategy allows thus for a more effective use of renewable sources if compared with a conventional RBC for a Microgrid of same size, thus allowing for a greater penetration of renewable sources into the energy mix, or equivalently, toward downsizing of storage and programmable source subsystems with economic benefits.

Limitations and further research directions

This research helps luxury practitioners to better understand how luxury brands should choose between standardized and localized social media marketing strategies in the Chinese market. We focus on the effectiveness of localized (vs. standardized) celebrity endorsements on social media interactions and perceived brand luxury. However, in addition to celebrity endorsements, there are many other elements in social media commercials, such as language, background, music, art style, and story-telling. All of these elements can be localized or standardized and their effectiveness has not been fully tested. This research has only measured consumers’ perceived brand luxury as the dependent variable. Localized celebrity endorsements may also influence the likability and perceived globalness of brands as well as the intimacy, trust and purchase intention of consumers. An investigation of these mechanisms could contribute to a more comprehensive effects theory of social media marketing strategies and give luxury practitioners more clues in decision-making. In terms of moderating variables, this research has found patriotism to be a significant moderator for consumers’ perceived luxuriousness from localized celebrity endorsements. A search for more moderators (e. g., luxury consumption experience, collectivism) could be a promising direction for future research and prove helpful for luxury brands seeking to engage in precision marketing. This study was conducted in China. Therefore, the findings could not be directly generalized to all the luxury markets. However, our findings should be valid in culturally similar markets like South Korea and Japan. Considering the increasing luxury consumption in these countries, our findings provide insights into the luxury industry. As recently nationalism and patriotism are rising not only in China, but also all around the world, future studies may explore the moderating effect of patriotism in Western countries.