Abstract

     The understanding of cultural heritage as a growing issue in contemporary security has been described as a heritage-security nexus recognising the protection of cultural heritage as a cross-sectoral topic. It represents an urgent issue in international security politics and in the related field of heritage studies. This article shows how the protection of cultural heritage has found its way into rhetoric relating to security politics, thus placing it on political agendas. This development has had an important impact on the academic field of heritage studies. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the linkage between cultural heritage and security threats and the recognition of it as a new theme in academia during the last two decades. The study argues for a newly defined research field that combines heritage studies with security studies in academic fields such as political science and international relations. Finally, this article argues that the academic field of heritage studies, as well as the heritage institutions and related organisations, needs to have a critical approach to the securitisation process. Involved parties need to consider the intentions and causes of the securitising actors and how they usually benefit from security policies.

Introduction

     Conflict dynamics worldwide have shifted from state-on-state conflicts organised around the geopolitics of national borders and territories to increasingly focusing on cultural references and identity politics orientated towards cultural values. The understanding of cultural heritage as a growing issue in contemporary visions of security can be described as a heritage-security nexus (Rosén 2022). This nexus indicates a mixture of policy areas that used to be relatively separate and calls for a more cross-sectoral approach to addressing security issues related to cultural heritage. To understand this development and enable us to respond adequately to its challenges, this article examines how the discursive construction of cultural heritage destruction as a security threat has strengthened the link between heritage and security within research and in contemporary global politics.

Conclusion

     In this article, the development of the cross-sectoral linkage between cultural heritage and security has been identified. The overview of key events and situations has shown how the tactical value of cultural heritage was exploited in the First and Second World War. This led to the creation of heritage institutions and conventions which established the concept of cultural heritage in the international community, thus using cultural heritage as a soft power platform and as a tool for creating international legal instruments. In the post-Cold War period, influenced by the conflicts in the Balkans and later in Afghanistan, the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage and framing of the destruction of cultural heritage as ‘crimes against humanity’, alongside the reactions and condemnation by international society, defined cultural heritage as an intrinsic concept in human security. Cultural heritage protection was connected to goals of peacebuilding, conflict resolution, tolerance and reconciliation – elements similar to a broader peace and security agenda. The organisation of the field of heritage protection shifted and caused a mixture of sectors to interact around protection. It escalated after the seizure of Palmyra, strengthening the position of cultural heritage in diplomatic relations and in the international community. This caused a number of states as well as regional and international organisations to deploy legal instruments and policy interventions which positioned the role of heritage in global politics and as a political security issue. Resultatively, cultural heritage protection is becoming a transnational security issue in contemporary world politics and armed conflicts. Since the 2000s, this has led to a growing development of a concrete linkage between cultural heritage and security. The purpose of cultural heritage protection has increasingly been connected to the security and protection of society and its people. In that way, securing a society and a population’s cultural heritage has found its way into the political rhetoric, placing it in international relations, framed as heritage diplomacy. It has become an actor in human security and thus a matter of politics for security communities and security policy strategies.

Abstract

     In this paper, we introduce the necessary technologies to use the Korean traditional cultural heritage in immersive content by applying artificial intelligence technology. In fact, the data stored in museums has already been expanded to a huge amount. Recently, there are increasing efforts to convert such vast amounts of traditional cultural heritage image or text data into usable content through the analysis and connection of information using them. The main purpose of this study is to support the response to various content demands such as meta-verse and virtual reality for traditional cultural heritage of Korea. Representative technologies used in Korean traditional cultural heritage introduced in this study can be classified into artificial intelligence-based object detection and high-resolution conversion, and text analysis suitable for the characteristics of Korean traditional cultural heritage.

Introduction

     Recently, a lot of technologies for applying cultural heritage to immersive content are introduced and in progress under the influence of the spread of meta-verse, virtual reality, mixed reality, etc. Access to these new markets is an important factor in expanding the new role of museums and galleries in historical culture and art. However, to effectively compose cultural heritage-based immersive content, high-quality digitization of cultural heritage must be preceded. Additionally, it is necessary to develop AI visual search and search-based curation support technology and platform to manage vast digital heritage data.

     With the development of artificial intelligence technology, researches to use the extensive cultural heritage data that have been continuously built until now as actual content and to activate it as a multifaceted approaches are gradually increasing, mainly in developed countries [1][2][3][4]. Meaning-based image search technologies that identify and compare major meanings between visual data, rather than simple keyword searches for vast cultural heritage data, are expanding to related application fields [5][6]. Artificial intelligence-based high-quality data conversion technologies are continuously being introduced [7][8].

Conclusions and Further Works

     Recently, as the performance of computers is improved and the capacity of memory is increased, digitalization around the world has become a realistically feasible state. This phenomenon shows the possibility of digitization even for vast relics in museums and exhibition halls. Whereas digitization in the past was to create simple digital data, current digitization is applying it to the digital world or reality, such as virtual reality or digital twin. It is being changed for be used in the world.

     In line with this trend, the digitization of relics in museums and exhibition halls around the world is changing for use for other applications such as virtual exhibition halls beyond the purpose of preserving the information on existing relics. To use it for other purposes, information must be put into the data stored. Such information is made through data analysis, but there is a clear limitation in the fact that a person performs analysis on a large amount of information and informatics it.

Abstract

     In this paper, we introduce a CHIC (Cultural Heritage Intelligent Curation) platform. The CHIC platform provides a novel approach in the management and utilization of cultural heritage data based on digital content assets. A curator can be assisted in the creation of a new immersive content exhibition by using retrieval and previewing in the CHIC platform directly. The CHIC platform will support effective communication between curator and content creator by intuitive user Interface of cultural heritage assets.

Introduction

     The development of immersive content experience technology using cultural heritage can provide an opportunity to preoccupy the cultural resource convergence market. And this can also act as an important factor in expanding the new role of the museum’s exhibition halls on history, culture, and art. To effectively compose these cultural heritage-based immersive contents, high-quality digitalization of cultural heritage must precede, and by using this, it is necessary to develop cultural heritage asset conversion technology that can be directly applied to experiential services. In addition, it is necessary to develop AI visual search and search-based curation support technology and platform to manage vast digital heritage data.

     In this paper, we introduce high-quality cultural heritage asset construction and development of curator-centered intelligent curation support technology and platform to popularize realistic traditional cultural heritage exhibition/experience content. The developed system includes an intelligent cultural heritage integrated management platform that can be easily used by curators who are not experts in content technology, and an artificial intelligence-based data search and analysis engine for immersive content production.

Conclusions

     This paper introduces the development process of the Cultural Heritage Intelligent Curation (CHIC) platform, which is an essential element to enable the planning and utilization of cultural relics exhibitions using realistic content in the future in actual museums or exhibition halls [10]. For research and development related to actual cultural heritage to be directly utilized in various fields, many efforts and attempts must be continued. For this purpose, in order for the CHIC platform to be continuously used for national cultural heritage related work in actual museums, this project is making efforts to continuously improve the platform by synthesizing various opinions from related fields.

Abstract

     This paper aims to explore how cultural heritage knowledge leverage country branding and contribute to developing a competitive identity. More specifically, we try to understand the role of visitor experiences and the community’s engagement in this dynamic process. The study focused on Portugal’s country brand and the Portuguese cultural heritage market. Based on the content analysis of the interview scripts of public decision-makers, museum/site managers, academics, and a tourism entrepreneur, the study offers exploratory findings regarding the roles performed by public entities and other institutions and the means used to attract visitors to heritage sites and encourage the engagement of the different ‘actors’ in cultural heritage experiences. Results indicate that cultural heritage represents a dimension of country identity and a driving factor of the tourism sector for Portugal.

Introduction

     The notion of nation branding gained attention in the last years when academics and policymakers started to approach country reputation in the same way as companies and products’ brand images. Simon Anholt coined the concept of nation branding in 1996 (Dinnie, 2008). Later, Anholt (2008) refers to an abusive commercial appropriation of the term that excludes other important aspects of a national identity, which also contribute to the formation of a country brand image. Therefore, Anholt proposes the notion of competitive identity. The competitive identity concept represents a wide approach to the country image. It encompasses the interactions and dynamics between the political and economic competitiveness contexts. These interactions can be accessed into six dimensions – exports, government, tourism, culture, people, and immigration & investment – which constitute the ‘Nation Brand Index’ developed by Anholt in 2005. The Anholt’s Nation Brands Index approaches country image by examining these six dimensions of ‘national competence’ (Nation Brands Index Report for Scotland, 2018). Each dimension contributes equally to the formation of the country brand reputation. In particular, the cultural dimension includes several aspects, namely global perceptions of a nation’s heritage and the country contemporary culture. The dimension of tourism captures the motivations essentially to visit the country. More specifically, its natural beauty, historic buildings, environment, and cities atmospheres.

Conclusion

     This exploratory study seeks to shed light on the link between a nation’s heritage and country branding, more specifically, Portugal nation brand. Portugal is one of the oldest countries in Europe, with an interesting and unique history. However, Portugal’s country image and its touristic image are much associated with the beaches, fado, and football, and less with its ancestry and patrimony (Custódio & Gouveia, 2007). As the studies specifically focused on the Portuguese context are still scarce, it was important to learn from the empirical experience of these cultural heritage decision-makers and their perceptions forged on the direct contact with tourists and visitors. This can also be a contribution of interest for managers of other countries in the process of building a strong nation brand image. Therefore, our purpose was to explore this link and decipher some avenues for future research.

Abstract

     This paper considers a problematic dynamic in the protection of natural World Heritage properties for sites that also possess significant cultural assets, but that fall short of the World Heritage designation ‘outstanding universal value’ standard for cultural significance. The destruction of cultural heritage places in natural settings is a global concern and we use an Australian case study to illustrate the argument that cultural assets located within natural properties should be given an allied protection status. We argue that protection problems arise, represented by a nature/culture binary trope, despite significant progress in using more holistic approaches, as exemplified by cultural landscapes. To demonstrate our argument, we consider controversy surrounding a development proposal within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), located in the state of New South Wales, Australia. We find that a development proposal to raise a storage dam wall triggers significant problems for protecting both natural and cultural heritage features across the GBMWHA landscape and, in this context, we recommend a reconsideration of the rigid natural/cultural heritage binary of World Heritage classifications.

Introduction

The Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage area (GBMWHA)

     The Blue Mountains area is located approximately 100 km to the west of Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Parts of the Blue Mountains were first formally designated as ‘sights reserves’ in the 1800s (NSW NPWS 2001). In 1875, the Grose River catchment was reserved from sale to protect water quality and as a natural spectacle (Macqueen 1997). The first official proposal for a Blue Mountains National Park (BMNP) was put forward by conservationist and bushwalker, Myles Dunphey in 1922 (Mosley 1989; NSW NPWS 2001). The idea gained momentum, and by 1931 the Sydney Bush Walker’s Club committee formed to prevent land clearance and instead to designate the lease area of Blue Gum Forest in the Grose Valley as recreational reserve (NSW NPWS 2001). In 1959, a trust was established and 62,000 hectares of land was gazetted as BMNP and extensive additions have been made continuously since then (Mosley 1989; NSW NPWS 2001). Today, the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA) includes eight (protected area) conservation reserves and covers 1,032,649 hectares (UNESCO 2020). There are 12 adjoining areas including seven adjacent national parks and one conservation reserve, which total 165,100 hectares (NSW Government 2009; UNESCO 2020). The GBMWHA contains a diverse range of Eucalypt habitats including wet and dry sclerophyll forest, Mallee heathland, swamps, wetland, and grassland (UNESCO 2020).

Conclusion

     In addition to the natural values that are protected by the WH listing, the GBMWHA area has a history of First Nation site occupation extending at least 14,000 years (NSW DECC, 2009). Sites of cultural significance include the first region of occupation during the Pleistocene glacial period, engravings, grinding grooves, a concentration of unique stone arrangements and some of the most distinctive rock art incorporating the use of pigment and engraved forms including the Red Hands Cave (NSW DECC, 2009; NSW NPWS, 2001). Due in part to the remote and inaccessible nature of a large proportion of the GBMWHA, and in part to an inadequate approach within the EIS for the SEEP, archaeological surveys of the area have been limited. There is potential for many more important cultural/biocultural heritage sites to be yet uncovered. The potential adverse impacts of the WDDP are a topic of acute interest especially in the context of ongoing cultural heritage loss.

     In Australia today, it has become clear that regulatory failures have resulted in a disproportionate number of First Nation places being degraded, if not lost entirely. The Juukan Gorge controversy highlights that destruction has been enabled by ill-fitting regulatory regimes (Borschmann et al., 2020; Hutchens, 2020). In this setting, we must work to better understand human-environment connections within protected places and showcase both the value of natural and cultural heritage assets (Gillespie, 2020). Such a process requires that we consider how communities value places in light of natural and cultural heritage perspectives. Considering increasing development means more critical reflection on these twinned values within our protected places is necessary.

Abstract

     Imaging radar has been dramatically developed over the past decades enabling a better understanding of cultural heritage from a microwave perspective. Nonetheless, a dedicated survey and analysis of the performance of such technology in cultural heritage monitoring and management is required. In order to fill this gap, we first review the technology advance of imaging radar, including ground penetration radar, ground-based and airborne/satellite radar, in the focused cultural applications to grasp the development trend of these technologies. We then analyse the performance and limitations of imaging radar technologies based on their respective characteristics to facilitate the technology service in practical applications. Finally, we propose a flexible solution of imaging radar in cultural heritage through technical integration with pilot synergy applications in archaeological prospection and cultural heritage diagnosis and conservation.

Introduction

     As per the UNESCO definition, Cultural Heritage (CH) encompass artifacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites, museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific and social significance. Its preservation is increasing concern by society considering the important role that CH plays in the evolution of people and their culture. Focusing on tangible heritage (movable, immovable and underwater), spanning from single building and monument to archaeological ruins, sites and architectural complexes, up to cultural landscapes, a growing number of technologies have been applied in this cutting-edge field (e.g., Burns, 1991, Pavlidis et al., 2007, Reimann et al., 2018, Inomata et al., 2020, Orengo et al., 2020) and among them, remote sensing is becoming prominent (e.g., Aminzadeh and Samani, 2006, Hesse, 2010, Lasaponara and Masini, 2012, Masini et al., 2018, Xue et al., 2020). Compared with optical imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) approaches, however, the performance and feasibility of imaging radar, including in particular Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), ground-based and airborne/spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), for CH have not been fully assessed yet. These are often constrained by the complexity of radar signal processing and lack of specialized expertise in image interpretation, i.e. limitations that should be overcome with specific initiatives of training and skills development, towards a yet-to-complete effective technological transfer into practice (Tapete and Cigna, 2017a).

Summary and perspectives

     A comprehensive, dedicated review and performance analysis of the microwave imaging radar, including GPR, GB-SAR and airborne/satellite SAR, in CH studies and applications is provided with the aim to address the current knowledge gap between what science has achieved in this field of remote sensing and what end-users could benefit from if these technologies were integrated and implemented in real-world case studies. Past investigations reveal the necessity of technological combination and interdisciplinary investigation (Chen et al., 2021a), in particular hitherto their synergies in CH applications are still rare and need to be further exploited.

     Based on this evidence, a viable solution to facilitate the booming development of this cutting-edge direction is to combine all these technologies. GPR, GB-SAR and airborne/satellite SAR are intrinsically complementary based on their observation views (subsurface-ground-space eye) and for monitoring scopes (visible and invisible condition alteration), resulting into the optimized performance through technological integration, which has further been confirmed by the pilot synergy applications as shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 7.

The challenge for this new discipline is to imagine a future for heritage, where conservation of not only heritage places but the traditions of the heritage discipline itself which are deeply treasured by many, adapts to new opportunities. This entails development of accessible and useful technologies to meet the needs of heritage practitioners, asset owners, resident- and non-resident heritage communities, and a diverse set of publics. Digital cultural heritage aims to be able to address heritage needs at world and national levels of significance as well to develop techniques and approaches for less officially recognised heritage settings with scant or no funding. Furthermore, it offers possibilities for addressing some of the ongoing open questions within heritage, for example, how to identify and engage broader communities in heritage; how to record and share intangible cultural heritage and the changeable ‘living heritage’ which is developing every day; and how to safeguard and make accessible both born-digital heritage and digital records of tangible heritage places into the future.

1. Introduction

2. The Research on the Innovation Path for”Internet + Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection”

References

This article combines the most fierce concept “Internet Plus” in modern era, From the perspective of “Internet Plus”, it discusses the protection mode, tries to explore the key points for the new model to construct “Internet + intangible cultural heritage protection”, provides reasonable practical guidance, and finally creates innovative ideas and methods for the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Simultaneously it makes academic contributions to the innovation and inheritance of Chinese intangible cultural heritage.

Introduction

Since the date of submission, the “Internet Plus” concept has been leaded by policies and guided from the central government to local government. It has already been used in many industries including agriculture and service industries, and has promoted the overall transformation and upgraded of the industry. The relevant industries’ innovative markets have effectively helped the country’s economic development. For example, in the industrial sector, the new model of “Internet + Industry” has greatly promoted the rapid development of domestic industries toward a more digital and more intelligent industrial 4.0 direction. Manufacturing industry’s higher efficiency, higher level, and more energy saving has thrift the company’s original me and cost, and open up new areas. Leaders of Alibaba and other “Internet+” continue to show Chinese highest creation level to the world, and they have implemented the strategic goals of the new and old kinetic energy transformation proposed by the country. In the field of agriculture, the new model of “Internet + Agriculture” has innovated traditional agricultural production and sales model, enriched the forms of agricultural development and improved the competitiveness of agricultural economy.

This review article traces the development of cultural tourism as a field of research over the past decade, identifying major trends and research areas. Cultural tourism has recently been re-affirmed by the UNWTO as a major element of international tourism consumption, accounting for over 39% of tourism arrivals. Cultural tourism research has also grown rapidly, particularly in fields such as cultural consumption, cultural motivations, heritage conservation, cultural tourism economics, anthropology and the relationship with the creative economy. Major research trends include the shift from tangible to intangible heritage, more attention for indigenous and other minority groups and a geographical expansion in the coverage of cultural tourism research. The field also reflects a number of ‘turns’ in social science, including the mobilities turn, the performance turn and the creative turn. The paper concludes with a number of suggestions for future research directions, such as the development of trans-modern cultures and the impacts of new technologies. © 2018 The Authors.

Introduction

Culture and tourism have always been inextricably linked. Cultural sights, attractions and events provide an important motivation for travel, and travel in itself generates culture. But it is only in recent decades that the link between culture and tourism has been more explicitly identified as a specific form of consumption: cultural tourism. The emergence of cultural tourism as a social phenomenon and as an object of academic study can be traced back to the surge in post-World War 2 leisure travel. In Europe, travel helped to increase cultural understanding as well as rebuild shattered economies. As incomes and consumption continued to rise in the 1960s and 1970s, so did international travel, and the consumption of culture. By the 1980s the flow of international tourists to major sites and attractions began to attract enough attention for the label ‘cultural tourism’ to be attached to an emerging niche market. Early academic studies of cultural tourism also surfaced at this time, and the World Tourism Organisation (WTO, as it was then) produced its first definition of the phenomenon. In the early 1990s the first estimate of the size of this ‘new’ market also emerged (at 37% of all international tourism) and were attributed to the WTO, even though Bywater (1993) comments that it was not clear how this estimate was derived. Interest in cultural tourism continued to grow throughout the 1980s and 1990s, driven by the ‘heritage boom’ (Hewison, 1987), the growth of international and domestic travel and the identification of cultural tourism as a ‘good’ form of tourism that would stimulate the economy and help conserve culture (Richards, 2001). The beginning of the 1990s indicates a period of transformation of cultural tourism which, unlike the original orientation towards elite clientele, found a new opportunity for development in the orientation towards the mass market. Cultural tourism became a wellestablished phenomenon in many tourism destinations, and was increasingly the target of academic research. The first textbooks on cultural tourism began to emerge (Ivanovic, 2008; Smith, 2003) and a growing range of research papers appeared, linked to many different theoretical and methodological approaches (Richards & Munsters, 2010, Smith & Richards, 2013). Growth in cultural tourism was also marked by fragmentation into a number of emerging niches, such as heritage tourism, arts tourism, gastronomic tourism, film tourism and creative tourism. Just as an expanding notion of culture had helped to stimulate the growth of cultural tourism in the 1990s, so the fragmentation of the cultural tourism concept itself helped to produce a surge in the proportion of publications dedicated to the field. Growth also brought its own challenges, and by 2013 Boniface was already signalling problems with the overcrowding of World Heritage Sites, a phenomenon that is now being linked with the idea of ‘overtourism’.

1- Introduction

2- Related work

3- Requirements analysis

4- IoT for CH architecture proposal

5- Evaluation of the nodes

6- Conclusions and future work

References

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can facilitate the preventive conservation of cultural heritage (CH) by enabling the management of data collected from electronic sensors. This work presents an IoT architecture for this purpose. Firstly, we discuss the requirements from the artwork standpoint, data acquisition, cloud processing and data visualization to the end user. The results presented in this work focuses on the most critical aspect of the architecture, which are the sensor nodes. We designed a solution based on LoRa and Sigfox technologies to produce the minimum impact in the artwork, achieving a lifespan of more than 10 years. The solution will be capable of scaling the processing and storage resources, deployed either in a public or on-premise cloud, embedding complex predictive models. This combination of technologies can cope with different types of cultural heritage environments.

Introduction

Modern societies tend towards a globalized world with many challenges. One priority is to defend and promote the particular aspects of native cultures in each region and country. Culture is expressed in multiple ways such as art, linguistic aspects or architecture. Cultural Heritage (CH) has an important value that must be promoted and safeguarded for future generations, because the deterioration or destruction of artworks is a serious loss that cannot be recovered in many cases. Also, CH is a source of wealth as it promotes tourism, creative art and native culture. Millions of tourists choose their destination every year based on the artistic and cultural interest of the places visited, such as monuments, museums, exhibitions, historical villages, ruins, etc. The protection and conservation of CH is an issue of particular interest because every artwork undergoes certain deterioration with time. Such degradation depends on the type of material, the action of external weather conditions and human factors. The ideal is to keep artworks under stable and controlled climatic scenarios, which should be properly monitored and registered, but such conditions are often achieved only in museums. The use of controlled atmospheres can be necessary in some cases in order to avoid oxidation (e.g., the Turin Shroud or the US Declaration of Independence). Light-sensitive artworks also require special environments. Nevertheless, in most cases, reasonable conditions are achieved with an appropriate control of temperature and relative humidity (RH) [1]. As a previous step for deciding the best alternative for a microclimate control system, it is necessary to record and monitor the ambient conditions around artworks, particularly in the case of historical buildings. This approach is useful to assess deterioration risks and evaluate the susceptibility of any artworks kept in these places.

1. Introduction

2. Analyze of the annual gross income in a few countries of Union European

3. Research

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

The importance of intangible cultural heritage refer to the wealth of knowledge and skills that is transmitted from one generation to the next ones. First of all, for the minority groups and for mainstream social groups, the social and economic value of knowledge is relevant. Intangible cultural heritage is expressed through process, phrases, know-how, and abilities- that include associated objects and cultural spaces – that people distinguish as component of their cultural heritage. Spread through generations and constantly recreated, it ensures humanity with a sense of identity and continuity. Secondly, different sectors of the economy, for instance: rates of growth and development, the volumes of outflow of foreign exchange, infrastructure development, new management techniques and the training experience are certainly contributing to the economic and social development of a country. Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage is a valuable source of the economy. Safeguarding activities must therefore always involve the society, people and, where appropriate, individuals that bear such heritage. The global wealth of traditions is the principal motivation for travel, with tourists seeking to find out about new cultures and to experience the global difference of performing arts, handcrafts, rituals and cuisines. The cultural cooperation stimulates by such meeting prompts discussion, builds understanding and encourage tolerance and peace. Persons who realize these values, everywhere in the world have their own way for spreading their knowledge and skills, for the most of the times relies on word of mouth rather than written texts. In conclusion, the intangible cultural heritages create bridges between past, present and future; they make continuity and change the structure of the society with experiences like transition and transcendence.

Introduction

In Europe, tourism is take in account as one of the sectors with the best growth prospects, that has positive effects on the number of new working places. The influx of tourists and visitors in different regions is, also, determined by the attractiveness, value, quantity and quality of tourist attractions in these areas, and the level of knowledge and presentation. Tourism is a vital source of income and employment, it is fundamental for many parts of Europe and for some of them even indispensable, since it is an important factor to improve competitiveness. European Union gives rightful importance to tourism, which contributes substantially to its economic and social objectives. European tourism faces many challenges: global economic crisis, increasing competition with other destinations, the consequences of climate changes or its seasonal nature. On the one hand, the industry must adapt to social developments that will influence demand in the tourism sector, on the other hand, it has to face the constraints of the current structure of the sector, its specific characteristics, as well as its economic and social context according to Nicula, Spanu and Neagu (2013). Authors Tri Anggraini, Sadasivam, Alpana (2015) consider that the heritage offers identity to a country, and also culture sustain development. In this domain if you have possibilities to bring back to live the potential of the regions that can give unique products in the tourist market and complementary activities, that have the role to increase employment, with positive externalities on quality of life. Heritage is one of the important components which has the role to create character, identity and image of city.

Architectural and urban planning works influence both formation and transformation of historic character of a city, which can be accepted as an evidence of the past society that gives the guidelines for the future development and prosperity. Revitalization and conservation of historic urban areas include aspects of maintenance and renewal of their physical traditional texture together with economic and social dynamism on their development. Hence, the multi-layered structure of a historic city center is necessary to be understood in unity despite of its complex character, which should be defined in a systematic way of geographical information management. Historic urban areas are vulnerable to number of stressors such as rapid urbanization, population growth and natural disasters. Management strategies related to historic urban areas aim to provide the use of cultural heritage for sustainable development of cultural landscapes and natural environment. As Agapiou et al. (2015) mention, conservation of cultural heritage areas require innovative and cost effective tools for systematic monitoring which require costly and time consuming data and information collection procedures for large areas. The importance of digital photogrammetry and laser scanning during process of a digital documentation for an immovable is also reminded by Yastıklı (2007), while geographical information systems (GIS)-based surface analysis is capable to be done systematically on investigating former status of various sites, from archaeological and natural sites to historic mining areas, as studied by Kovács et al. (2011) and Al-kheder et al. (2008). In addition to analyzing the morphological development of a historic city, heritage conservation process is also essential to be assessed and elaborated by digitizing collected input data in different methods. There are several tools, one of which is known as GIS, which is used to manage large data sets for developing sustainable management plans of historic urban areas. The process of urban conservation can be facilitated by making use of spatial database in this system, as already been defined by the scholars (Bilgin Altınöz, 2002; Günay, 2009; Lerotic, 2011). Moreover, He et al. (2015) state that the use of GIS systems brings their own challenges for supporting decision-making strategies because of the large scales of their database system despite of the remarkable advances in its field to support management of cultural heritage sites. As one of the historic cities in Turkey, Bursa, a Nomination File of Bursa as UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) since 2014, has followed legal and organizational aspects in conservation issue, which also being witnessed to practices occurred in conservation of historic urban areas since the end of the nineteenth century. It is significant as being the first capital of Ottoman Empire and a developing industrial city in Turkey. Various types of cultural properties have been subjected to different conservation activities, from the public participated symposiums to the restoration applications. These activities have continuously effected to the sustainability of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Bursa, which should be studied by searching on historical documents describing faults and successes on the applied projects.

The introduction of the Internet-of-things (IoT) paradigm allows the use of heterogeneous sensors to monitor vast areas at a low cost. The scalability of the approach depends on the possibility of processing data at a high rate: a wide network of heterogeneous devices provides sensing and status information that aligns to the speed, volume, and variety typical of Big Data systems. One of the fields of application of IoT is the protection of cultural heritage: controlled spaces (eg, museums) can be monitored with a sensing infrastructure that can be easily installed, monitored, and extended, and data can be easily processed in real time to implement alarms or control of environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity or even to perform a continuous analysis of the state of perishable assets. In these cases, if measurements indicate that parameter values are outside the specified range, access to the rooms may be limited or delayed. Of course, IoT is not the only applicable technology for these situations, but it is probably the most flexible state-of-the-art solution. When the space considered is a wide and inhabited area, such as a town, and its cultural heritage is to be protected, scenarios grow in diversity and complexity and human behavior can hardly be ignored. In protected historical areas such as Pompei, Venice, or the center of Rome, in which the vastness of the area, the nature of the access paths and the presence of inhabitants prevent or obstruct any kind of access control, then, as documented by news reports, the probability of site damage or theft is significantly higher than 0. In such scenarios there is also a more complex problem: emergency management. In case of incidents (terrorist attacks, natural disasters, public demonstrations, or rallies), there is no direct escape path planning that can be applied, and the intervention of police, firemen, national guard, or medical aid personnel is hard because of the complexity of the terrain and the behavior of the crowd (eg, panic). Festivals or events are the ideal scenario to plan a terrorist attack or the defacement of a cultural heritage site. Such situations require additional monitoring that adapts to the size of the crowds, the nature of the event, and the alarm level. In this paper, we present a quantitative modeling approach for the planning and management of events in vast, populated cultural heritage sites that relies on adaptive IoT-based monitoring and situation assessment systems in which crowd behavior is included. This approach allows both for the modeling the possible scenarios and the design of the main parameters of the needed computing infrastructure. The main advantage of our approach is its capability of catching, by means of an analytical solution, the dynamics of a high number of model elements with a compact, parameterized description and a low computational cost, with an accurateness that is increasing with the number of agents in the system. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 details the motivation for this work; Section 3 presents related work; Section 4 describes the modeling approach; Section 5 shows a case study; and Section 6 closes the paper