1- Introduction

2- Patients and methods

3- Results

4- Discussion

5- Conclusion

References

Abstract

Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental mental disorder. It can persist in adulthood and be expressed as a cognitive complaint.
Methods
We conducted a descriptive study in a French memory center concerning patients seen over a period of two years. All patients for whom the final diagnosis was ADHD were included. All patients benefited from standard neuropsychological tests and a psychiatric specific consultation.
Results
Thirteen patients were included with an average age of 50.2 ± 19 years. Main complaints related to memory, attention, focusing and organizational functioning. These difficulties had negative social, professional and academic consequences. ADHD history in descendants was noted in 46% of patients. More than 20% of subjects had motor, verbal or mental restlessness. Neuropsychological assessment highlighted impaired performances in executive functions (38%), sustained attention (67%), divided attention (45%), working memory (46%) and information processing speed (75%). A psychiatric history or comorbidities were present in 85% of patients, mostly of the anxio-depressive type. The more prevalent presentations of ADHD were the combined (38%) and inattentive (38%) types.
Discussion
Adult ADHD can masquerade as a cognitive impairment, including a stable cognitive complaint from infancy to old age. Inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms change with time and become more internalized (such as concentration difficulties or mental restlessness). No neuropsychological pattern has been reported but fluctuating deficits in sustained, divided attention, working memory and information processing speed are frequently observed in adult ADHD. A specific psychiatric expertise is essential in diagnosis and care for ADHD and its commonly associated psychiatric comorbidities.

Introduction

The American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [1] (DSM-V) defines attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD) as a syndrome occurring during childhood and which consists of three symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. In the absence of a specific biomarker, this triad is the sole element for the diagnosis of ADHD. The variable combinations of these symptoms, their educational and social repercussions, are the cause of the different clinical presentations: a predominantly attentional subcategory, a predominantly hyperactive subcategory and finally a mixed subcategory that associates both inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. ADHD is the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated global prevalence in children of between 5 and 6% which has been steadily increasing (an increase of 33% between 1997–1999 and 2006–2008) [2,3]. Historically described as a disorder restricted to the childhood period, its diagnosis in adulthood was long controversial [3]. Many longitudinal studies have now confirmed the chronic nature of ADHD symptoms throughout life, including at an older age [4]. The persistence of the symptoms after adolescence is observed depending on the clinical form considered, in 50% to 80% of the cases [3,5]. Thus, the prevalence of ADHD in adulthood is estimated between 2– 5% and 3–4% worldwide [3,6]. The typical presentation of ADHD in adults meets different criteria from those observed in children. Symptoms associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity decrease and are expressed by disorganization and restlessness (motor or mental), while those associated with an attention deficit persist and now tend to become more prevalent [5,7]. Over time, the target symptoms of ADHD thus become more ‘‘cognitive’’ than ‘‘behavioral’’.

Different studies have proved the importance of language and vocabularies in structuring shared perceptions among stakeholders within an industry. Little is known about the discursive work involved in the evolution of these vocabularies. The use of corpus linguistics provides insights in the process through which an industry stabilises itself and how incumbents engage in discursive work to maintain their interests. We explore the jolt the Internet provoked in the French recorded music industry between 1988 and 2008. We argue that one major explanation for the industry inertia is that the technology of the Internet and the new distribution channels it opened up were framed by discourses, characterized by a relatively stable vocabulary which repeated established words such as right and artistic work. The discursive work of incumbent actors supports the stabilization of this vocabulary. When new words appeared, they were incorporated into existing vocabulary. This dual process of repetition and incorporation was facilitated by the fact that many of the words central to the debate were relatively empty and ambiguous floating signifiers. This paper represents a promising avenue to better account for the place of words in the institutional work and more specifically institutional maintenance.

Introduction

Institutions are usually defined as relatively taken-for-granted and enduring sets of practices (Greenwood, Oliver, Sahlin, & Suddaby, 2008). In recent years, researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that even deeply institutionalized practices and social relations require significant deliberative and conscious work to keep them running (Angus, 1993; Zilber, 2002, 2009). In that vein, there has been an emerging interest in the notion of institutional maintenance, referring to efforts ‘supporting, repairing and recreating’ (Lawrence & Suddaby, 2006 p230) existing institutions. This recognizes the agentic side of institutional stability. One way researchers have tried to get grips with institutional maintenance is by considering the role of language. Zilber (2009), for example, analysed how narratives which establish fixed meanings, are key to maintaining institutions. Others have looked further at the component parts of stories, such as the very words they are made up of are an important aspect of maintaining institutions. For instance institutional vocabularies (Suddaby & Greenwood, 2005) and key words (Jones & Livne-Tarandach, 2008) in articulating and manipulating institutions. While we know language more generally and the words we use in particular are an important part of stabilizing institutions, we do not really understand exactly how words evolve in an institutional field and what is the relationship between discourses at a micro level and diffused words constituting institutional vocabularies. Therefore, in this paper we explore the dynamics of words associated with institutional maintenance. This implies two interrelated levels of discourse analysis: a micro level associated with discursive work and a macro level which refers to an institutionalized vocabulary (that is, words systematically repeated among industrial actors).

1. Introduction

2. Fatigue assessment methods and welds idealization techniques

3. Demonstration cases

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

In industry with fatigue strengthening concern, there are as many ways to make an FE seam weld idealization as factories involved in these types of simulations. Tens of ways to model a seam weld are available as soon as it is necessary to get out of direct connection assumption and if it is needed to take into account local weld stiffness and secondary bending effect of the fillet weld. Then it becomes mandatory to be able to discriminate such idealization processes while evaluating associated life prediction accuracy and industrial idealization efficiency (automation). This concern leads the idea to create a French industrial workgroup including CETIM and about 20 industrial companies, members of the “Mobile Machinery Program Committee”. The main goal of this collaborative project being to challenge well documented and most promising seam weld idealization models (with associated methods) to converge at the end towards the most capacitive ones (with better results on given fatigue metrics). As a first part of the multi-partner project work, a complete and precise technical review was achieved, giving a state of the art of the idealization models and methods available. Then the workgroup started extensive comparisons between well documented fatigue tests on seam welded components and associated FEA for some retained models and methods (Fayard, Lohr, IIW Hot Spot Stress, Notch Stress). Several components were considered, with more than 100 fatigue test results. This paper presents most of the obtained results, the Round Robin being still on-going. Preliminary results comparisons demonstrate general applicability of classical methods introduced in the standards or recommendations, these being also in most cases conservative. Results of this work aim to help choosing the right methodology, depending of the seam weld configuration and the in service loadings. It is also intended to try building partnerships with FE software editors to include most efficient methodologies in an automated way, making less tedious the seam weld modelling task on huge chassis frames. Small and medium factories should then reach an efficiency gain and improved accuracy level when building their virtual seam welded frames with new automated scripts integrated in their own FEA solutions.

Introduction

Industries from Public Works, Mining-Drilling, Handling-Lifting-Storage and Agricultural Machinery committees design and manufacture large and heavy metallic structures that must meet high requirement levels of reliability and safety. These structures often consist of components shaped and assembled mainly by welding. Although this process is widely used in industry, offering the possibility to produce structures with complex geometries, it appears however that the welded zones represent weak points with respect to fatigue resistance, due to geometric and/or structural discontinuities and residual stresses induced. It is established that the fatigue strength of welded joints mainly depends on: – The weld’s geometry, introducing stress and strain concentrations at the toe and the root, – Residual stresses associated with temperature gradients and phase changes due to the welding operation and overall average stress level in the structure, Several fatigue design methodologies for welded joints are now available. They allow designers to evaluate the risk of fatigue failure by comparing different damage parameters, usually obtained by a structural calculation with an appropriate fatigue criterion. From a numerical point of view, these methods are implemented through different modeling strategies. Manufacturers need to have a panorama of these methods and techniques especially in finite element modeling and particularly in the case of shell models. This type of modeling is commonly used in industry, particularly for the advantage in model size and time calculations.

1. Introduction

2. Methodology and instruments

3. Results and discussions

4. Conclusion

References

Based on the multiple linear regression model, we investigating which of the observed macroeconomic factors: the unemployment rate, the current account of the country stock index, gross domestic product and industrial production are significantly associated with property prices in relation to the different cultural environments: Slovenia, Greece, France, Poland and Norway. We found that there are statistically significant correlations between the prices of residential real estate and selected macroeconomic factors. The results show a distinct pattern that applies to France, Greece, Norway and Poland, where the price of real estate observed statistically significantly associated with unemployment. In the case of Slovenia, the results show that a statistically significant relationship reflects only to a share index. That is illustrated by the finding that prices in Slovenia on an annual basis, between the observed cultural environments in the observed time interval, most declined.

Introduction

Real estate market and real estate prices are closely linked with general economic cycles (Quigley, 1999; Wang, 2003). Numerous researches as Hon-Chung (2009), Ludwig and Slok (2004), Case et al. (2005), Bardham et al. (2007), Goodhard and Hofmann (2007) and Zhang and Wu (2008) have revealed that among macroeconomic factors related to the real estate prices, the key factors were gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, share index, current account of a country, demographic factors, household income, interest rate, industrial production and consumption of households. In accordance with the data of the Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development (2015), the biggest influence on the price of real estate have factors associated with GDP, unemployment, current account of a country, domestic demand and share index. We follow the conclusions of HonChung (2009) who said that depending on various influences of the mentioned factors on the real estate price, the results of individual researches could not be generalized to all countries and regions with different environments, but had to be considered separately. Moreover, in the opinion of Mavrodiy (2005) the prices of real estate and activity in the real estate market are connected with the economic development of an individual country. Hong-Yu and Kuentai (2011) on the other hand determined that the prices of real estate in the capitals differed considerably from the prices of real estate in other smaller cities and that it was the prices of real estate in the capitals, which created the real estate market. As in other observed countries, the most expensive real estate can be found in bigger cities. (Mavrodiy, 2005; Himmelberg et al., 2005).

We investigate the effects of the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 11, Joint Arrangements. In so doing, we analyze whether the removal of the proportionate consolidation option and the mandatory use of the equity method in reporting for joint ventures influences the value relevance of co-venturers’ total assets and liabilities. In a reverse situation, i.e. the elimination of the equity method, Richardson, Roubi, and Soonawalla (2012) found a decline in the value relevance of the aforementioned amounts for firms forced to change reporting method, partially offset by the value relevance of joint venture data disclosure. We focus on a continental European setting and analyze a sample of 120 Italian and French nonfinancial listed firms over the period 2008-2015. We find a reduction in the value relevance of co-venturers’ total assets and liabilities for companies obliged to move from proportionate consolidation to the equity method. Conversely, we do not find an increase in the value relevance of joint venture disaggregated data provided in the notes.

Introduction

The provisions of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 11, Joint Arrangements, revived the debate on reporting for investments in joint ventures. Issued by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) in 2011, this standard eliminated the free choice between using proportionate consolidation and the equity method to account for joint ventures by requiring use of the equity method. The IASB’s decision is not supported by the extant accounting literature, which has not reached conclusive results on the conceptual supremacy of the equity method. Furthermore, most respondents to the Exposure Draft ED 9 (IASB, 2007) did not agree with the abandonment of proportionate consolidation (Alexander et al., 2012). The two accounting methods ultimately lead to the same total shareholders’ equity and net income, but result in a significantly different qualitative and quantitative representation of the group’s results. Due to these differences, many studies have attempted to demonstrate the supremacy of one method over the other. However, the results are mixed. Research has addressed this issue from a theoretical point of view, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each method (Dieter & Watt, 1978; Bierman, 1992; Milburn, FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board), & Chant, 1999). Empirical studies have examined the ability of proportionally-consolidated amounts, compared with those using the equity method, to predict the co-venturer’s profitability (Graham, King, & Morrill, 2003a; Leitner-Hanetseder, 2010).

The present paper looks at the unethicality of consumer behavior (Mitchell et al. 2009), including aberrant and deviant conduct as well as subtler forms of opportunism (Wirtz and McColl-Kennedy 2010) that can be harmful to a company and/or other consumers (Fisk et al. 2010). Misdeeds range from fraudulent insurance claims to cutting in line in shops. It is the sort of misconduct that has been increasingly criticized by companies and consumers alike. Researchers have been working hard to develop precise criteria capable of determining the ethicality of certain kinds of consumer behavior (Vitell 2014). It is questionable, however, whether these kinds of determination really exist. Certainly there is no such thing as absolute unethicality, given the context-dependency of interpretations in this area (Clegg et al. 2007). Another way of saying this is that unethical behavior only exists because a specific subject has constructed it as such. The construction of unethical behavior might be the doing of governmental or parastatal institutions; environmental protection organizations; media and public opinion; or industrial interests (Gordon et al. 2009). This latter category can include companies, being contexts where sensemaking around consumer behavior usually starts with staff members and/or top managers (Suquet 2010). Until now, researchers’ main focus has been to identify consumers’ unethical behavior (Berry and Seiders 2008) and/or combat it (Mitchell et al. 2009; Fisk et al. 2010). Conversely, relatively little has been said about what kind of consumer behavior tends to be viewed and interpreted as unethical by actors operating within a particular organization (Jougleux et al. 2013); or about how this affects an organization’s management and marketing practices. Yet it is by understanding the different things playing out within the context of a specific organizational situation (Nyberg 2008) that it becomes possible to determine which discourses or interests collide or else coalesce when a particular way of behaving is called into question (Clegg et al. 2007). In contrast to normative, moralistic conceptions of ethics, this kind of approach reveals the tensions between different actors and different ideologies.

Open innovation is crucial for a multinational enterprise (MNE) to maintain its competitive advantage and become a leader in the market. Open innovation has become increasingly important as a source of competitive advantage for a firm (Schneckenberg, 2015). Open innovation indicates that innovative performance can be improved by both acquiring knowledge from outside sources and employing external paths to commercialize knowledge resources developed internally. Innovation performance is often represented by the number of achievements (e.g., the quality of new products, new processes) (Hung, Lien, Yang, Wu, & Kuo, 2011). MNEs exhibit a tendency to seek access to others’ knowledge and technology in order to enhance their global competitiveness (Jasimuddin, Li, & Perdikis, 2015a; Steensma & Lyles, 2000). Park and Ghauri (2011) highlight key factors affecting the acquisition of technological capabilities of MNEs. Due to the challenges of market dynamism, MNEs have started to embrace the open innovation model, and reduce their reliance on the inward-looking closed innovation. Many MNEs currently engage in KM by adopting this model, in order to leverage knowledge both within their boundaries and externally to their stakeholders. MNEs such as Lucent, IBM, Intel and Millennium Pharmaceutical, DMS, P&G and ItalCementi are pioneers in adopting open innovation (Mortara & Minshall, 2011). In the knowledge-based society, MNEs face not only the challenge of offering innovative products and services through effective exploitation of knowledge resources available to them (Vaccaro, Jansen, Van Den Bosch, & Volberda, 2012), but also the challenge of how they capture and use the knowledge available outside their boundaries (Chesbrough & Crowther, 2006; Zahra & George, 2002; Zahra, Nielsen, & Bogner, 1999). Knowledge-based view of the firm regards knowledge as a strategic resource whereby the MNE can create value by exploring and exploiting it through its proper management and gain a competitive market position (Grant, 1996; Jasimuddin, Connell, & Klein, 2005; Zack, 1999). The proper management of knowledge demands leaders to influence their firm for constructive acquisition and application of knowledge (Ribiere & Sitar, 2003). Due to Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era (Uhl-Bien, Marion, & McKelvey, 2007), knowledge-oriented leadership become a core factor in organizations to meet challenges in open innovation. For this, MNEs managers need knowledge management (KM) capability (i.e., infrastructure and process) to enhance open innovation. Although research interests in leadership and knowledge management (KM) capability is growing, limited empirical research has been directed towards the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership and KM capability on open innovation. There has been a growing interest among scholars and practitioners in the area of inbound and outbound open innovation. Donate and de Pablo (2015) pioneer in contributing to the leadership and knowledge management theory by presenting a model, which explains how knowledge-oriented leadership promotes effective KM. However, in order to account for the indirect role of leadership, they explore the linkage between knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation through KM practices. The study, however, overlooked how knowledge-oriented leadership might directly influence innovation outcomes. Hence, there is a research gap in explaining the direct association between knowledge-oriented leadership and open innovation outcomes (inbound OI and outbound OI). To the best of our knowledge, the empirical evidence of the intervening role of KM capability on the relationship between knowledge-oriented leadership and open innovation (inbound and outbound) is scant.

The world population is continually on the rise, as 9 billion human beings are expected in 2050 with the number of people living in urban areas rising from 54% today to 66% in 2050 (United Nations 2014). Consequently, cities are continually growing. In 2010, urban areas covered close to 3% of the total land areas and 0.45% of the total surface area of soils in the world were sealed, excluding only Antarctica and Greenland (Liu et al. 2014). If current trends continue, urban land cover will increase by 1.2 million square kilometers in 2030, according to Seto et al. (2012). This urban growth constitutes a major challenge, as it entails major environmental issues (Vanoudheusden and Blanc 2014). For example, researchers have long identified environmental impacts of urban sprawl (Johnson 2001), such as a loss of fragile environmental lands, higher energy consumption, an increase in storm-water runoff, and an increasing risk of flooding (Adelmann 1998), as well as a reduced species diversity and ecosystem fragmentation (Margules 1992). In recent years, in addition to this phenomenon of urban growth (centrifugal phenomenon), cities are facing a phenomenon of densification (centripetal phenomenon). Cities are being renovated and public policies encourage the population to come and live there. In this context, cities need multifunctional soils. Soil is an ecosystem at the interface between the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere. Soil is the place where humans develop most of their economic, social, and cultural activities. From an initial vision of soil as exclusively a physical support of human activities, urban soil management has progressively come to focus on the constraints associated with soils, in particular via health approaches. This has been done in response to major health crises induced by soil degradation due to industrial activities in a context of land use pressure. This approach is still conducted in order to detect and to limit the risks of pollutant dissemination, with a view to preserving human health and ecosystems. More recently, a change of outlook on soils has been accompanied by an increased consideration of their multifunctionality in urban projects. Indeed, soils are able to provide some ecosystem services that ensure the development of human societies (e.g., support of infrastructures, food sufficiency) and that participate in the mitigation of the environmental urban issues (e.g., flood mitigation, climate regulation, food sufficiency) (Craul 1992; MEA 2005; Escobedo et al. 2011; Jenerette et al. 2011; TEEB 2011; Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013; Adhikari and Hartemink 2016). For example, soils, by storing carbon, are able to regulate climate change. They are also the place where town dwellers can cultivate fruit and vegetables for their food consumption. Furthermore, unsealed urban soils are able to mitigate flooding which is a major environmental issue. For spatial planning, the challenge is then to extend this logic in order to take soil characteristics into account (e.g., level of contamination, geotechnical properties). This would generate a more integrated approach, which includes the agronomic quality of urban soils, by translating soil properties into their ability to provide services (Blanchart et al. 2018).

ESPREssO (Enhancing Synergies for disaster PRevention in the EurOpean Union) elicits the needs, perspectives and opinions of stakeholders operating within and between the spheres of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Europe. It intends to analyze, synthesize and compare existing knowledge of legal, policy and science approaches to CCA and DRR; identify gaps and current challenges by asking the opinions of those at either end of the policy-practice spectra and, finally, explore ways in which ESPREssO’s 3 challenges are addressed in practice, by policy makers, researchers and practitioners, at various levels of governance. ESPREssO is funded under Grant Agreement No. 700342 of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The project invites stakeholder participation, not only from the six European countries represented on the project board (UK, Switzerland, Italy, France, Germany and Denmark), but from a global community of practitioners within CCA and DRR. Three core challenges form the backbone of the ESPREssO project: – Challenge 1: To propose ways to create more coherent national and European approaches on Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and resilience strengthening; – Challenge 2: To enhance risk management capabilities by bridging the gap between science and legal/policy issues at local and national levels; – Challenge 3: To increase efficient management of transboundary crises. The current paper focuses on Challenge 3, summarizing key results of a study on the current state of transboundary crisis management in Europe. The national reports on DRR and CCA strategies developed for Switzerland [1], Germany [2] and France [3] constitute the basis for this paper.

2. Transboundary crises

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies in recent years have led to improvements in the way crises are anticipated and managed, achieving important reductions in the extent of the sustained losses. An oft-quoted statistic, issued from the INSPIRE initiative is that, in the European Union, 115 million people are estimated to live within 50 km of a border, accounting for 20% of the European population. River basins which are susceptible to flooding often serve as natural borders in Europe, or otherwise cross two or more national boundaries, with the risk that any catastrophic flood event may propagate across borders exacerbated by future climatic changes [4].

Recent evidence suggests that real estate collateral is an important determinant of firms’ employment decisions. Using administrative data for French firms, Chaney et al. (2013) show that shocks to the value of real estate have sizeable effects on employment and investment. The impact of collateral on investment appears to be larger for French firms than for the US firms covered by the Compustat database (Chaney et al., 2012).1 Moreover, investment appears to be considerably more sensitive to cash-flow variations in France, which suggests that French firms may be more financially constrained. To better understand how the labor market responds to shocks to the firms’ collateral value, this paper builds a canonical macroeconomic model with financially constrained firms and search frictions in the labor market. We calibrate the model to France and relate its business-cycle features to those in the data. In particular, we find that the model response to a shock to collateral value features amplification and propagation that are in line with those obtained from a VAR analysis. Our business–cycle model features collateral constraints and forward–looking land prices as in Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) and Kocherlakota (2000), on the one hand, and labor market frictions similar to Mortensen and Pissarides (1999), on the other hand. Firms hold productive land and capital, and they borrow in an international credit market, using land and (a fraction of) capital as collateral.2 In the labor market, firms post vacancies and they are matched with unemployed workers who are hired for production in the subsequent period.

 مجله مدیریت مالی چند ملیتی – Journal of Multinational Financial Management

Technological core facilities (TCFs) are technological platforms defined as “technological building blocks, that act as a foundation on top of which an array of firms, organized in a set of interdependent firms, develop a set of inter-related products, technologies and services” (Gawer, 2009). More specifically, academic technological core facilities (ATCFs) are up-to-date instrumentation associated with competences, available to academics and to industrials in order to perform scientific research (Peerbaye & Mangematin, 2005). ATCF differs from a classical laboratory in that its equipment must be made accessible to both academic and industrial communities. In a knowledge-driven economy (Powell & Snellman, 2004), ATCFs have become central devices for the research and transfer activities.

To date, the literature on TCFs has focused on three major issues. The first of these seeks to develop TCF typologies based on the characteristics of their business portfolios. The second issue incorporates the time dimension to try to account for the trajectories of public and private TCFs and their complementary nature. These two approaches are organized, more or less explicitly, around the scientific and technological life cycles of research activities (Paradeise, Peerbaye, Aggeri, Branciard, & Le Masson, 2010). The final issue focuses on the sustainability conditions of TCFs. It enlarges the scope of analysis by striving to link the “scientific and technological life cycle” of projects, market segments, and “business models” with the study of conditions for sustainability (Peerbaye & Mangematin, 2005).

However, as underlined by Perkmann et al. (2013), research on academic engagement has rarely addressed the role of institutional environment demands. Such demands are potentially divergent because they are based not only on public values (higher education teaching, world-class research) but also on new principles linked to budgetary restrictions (commercial activity, profitability). The two main objectives of this paper are to identify precisely the different institutional demands at play and potential tensions they could give rise to, and the different TCF response procedures illustrating the institutional work of the TCFs managers. The research focuses on biotechnology TCFs with government-funded equipment, located on a university site. In this domain, a research– industry relationship is the most common one (Ebers & Powell, 2007;.Powell, White, Koput, & Owen-Smith, 2005). With a qualitative analysis ten institutional demands are identified, some of them with potential conflicts. Three ways of institutional work given by academic TCFs in Brittany Region (France) are underlined and suggest research avenues for differentiating factors which will allow us to predict the different response strategies.

مقاله سال 2016

 مجله تحقیقات بازاریابی – Journal of Business Research

Teens are a very important market, both because of their current consumer spending power and their future spending as adults. U.S. teenagers alone earn over $80 billion in income, spent over $220 billion in 2012, and spend an average of $100 per week on clothing, their biggest single expenditure (Parker, Hermans, & Schaefer, 2008). European teens generally spend less (e.g., $60 per week on clothing in France), but still represent a sizable market (Moses, 2000). These findings may explain why companies design luxury fashion specifically for teens (e.g., Louboutin high tops for $700; Burberry bags for $300–400). Despite the apparent significance of this market, attitudes toward luxury fashion brands during adolescence remains under-represented in cross-cultural consumer research.

Given the emergence of a global teen market, it is important to understand adolescent attitudes toward luxury fashion brands from a cross-cultural perspective. Global teens are thought to be similar in terms of their consumption habits, in particular with respect to fashion (Kjeldgaard & Askegaard, 2006). This presumed uniformity of teens, however, may be inaccurate. Recent research suggests that adolescent consumers adapt global consumption practices and meanings to fit local contexts (Gentina, Butori, Rose, & Bakir, 2014). Although the vast majority of research on attitudes toward luxury brands among young people has focused on the U.S. (Beaudoin, Lachance, & Robitaille, 2003), research in other cultures is emerging, including Brazil (Gil, Kwon, Good, & Johnson, 2012), Australia (Phau & Leng, 2008), and China (Zhan & He, 2012). Research has described the individual and social mechanisms underlying attitudes toward luxury brands (Zhan & He, 2012) but has not explored how these mechanisms combine in a crosscultural context. Thus, much remains unknown about cultural differences in teenage attitudes toward luxury fashion brands and the motivations that underlie these differences. Insights into the motives that affect teens’ attitudes toward luxury fashion brands can provide retailers with information they can use to reach this attractive segment more effectively.

The research presented here evaluates two social identity mechanisms underlying teenage attitudes toward luxury fashion brands in a cross-cultural context: the individual mechanism (through the need for uniqueness) and the social mechanism (through susceptibility to peer influence). More specifically, it examines the identity processes that determine teenage attitudes toward luxury fashion brands in two cultures with distinctive historical, cultural, and social settings: the U.S. and France. To specify and clarify the social identity motives underlying attitudes toward luxury brands, we focus on clothing, an area particularly relevant to teens. Because adolescence is a crucial period in the identity development process, clothing symbolizes teens’ connections with their ideal peer groups, as well as the singularity and subjectivity of individual tastes (Muzinich, Pecotich, & Putrevu, 2003).